Poly (γ-) Glutamic Acid : A Promising Biopolymer
Keywords:
Nutraceuticals, microorganisms, foods, delivery.
Abstract
Poly (γ-) glutamic acid is a polymer of L or D - Glutamic acid units produced by microorganisms as a defense mechanism as an act of stress tolerance. Production of γ-PGA by microbial source has been gaining attention due to its low cost of production and varied application with high compatibility and high biodegradability. Its application ranges from food industry to waste water treatment. γ-PGA is a major constituent of Japanese food - natto. PGA has vast applications in food, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, water treatment and other fields. The high research interest that currently is developing for γ-PGA is due to its potential as a biomedical material with a high biocompatibility and a fair biodegradability. In fact, γ-PGA is extensively used as a food additive and it is known to be hydrolytically degradable by water with or without intervening of proteases. An incessant number of publications dealing with the use of γ-PGA as drug delivery system are appearing in these last few years and several processes have been developed at large scale which are able to afford great amounts of this compound for industrial uses.
References
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23. Na-Ri Lee., Sang-Mee Lee., Kwang-Sik Cho., Seong-Yun Jeong., Dae-Youn Hwang., Dong-Seob Kim., Chang-Oh Hong & Hong-Joo Son. (2014) Improved production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid by Bacillus subtilis D7 isolated from Doenjang, a Korean traditional fermented food, and its antioxidant activity. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 918–932.
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25. Ogawa, Y., Kikuchi, M., Yuasa, K., Yamaguchi, F & Motai, H. (2001) Detection of gamma polyglutamic acid by SDS-Page. National Centre for Biotechnology Information 255-88.
26. Park, Y.J., Liang, J., Yang, Z. and Yang, V.C. (2001) Controlled release of clot-dissolving tissue type plasminogen activator from a poly L-glutamic acid semi interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel. Journal of Control 3-17.
27. Sakai, K., Sonoda, C. & Murase, K. (2000). Bitterness relieving agent. JP Patent WO0021390.
28. Sanaa E.T., Magda M.A., Saleha Y.A. and Maheda A.N. (2015) Purification and characterisation of gamma poly glutamic acid from newly Bacillus licheniformis NRC20. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 382-391.
29. Satter, M.A., Ara, H., Jabin, S.A., Abedin, N., Azad, A.K., Hossain, A & Ara .U. (2014) Nutritional composition and stabilization of local variety rice bran BRRI-28. International Journal of Science and Technology 5-11.
30. Shih IL, Van YT. (2001) The production of poly (γ -glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresource Technology, 79: 207–25.
31. Shih, L. & Wu, J. (2009). Biosynthesis and application of poly (γ-glutamic acid). In Microbial Production of Biopolymers and Polymer Precursors. Applications and Perspectives 101–135.
32. Shyu, Y. & Sung, W. (2010). Improving the emulsion stability of sponge cake by the addition of γ--polyglutamic acid. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 18, 895–900.
33. Siaterlis, A., Deepika, G. & Charalampopoulos, D. (2009). Effect of culture medium and cryoprotectants on the growth and survival of probiotic lactobacilli during freeze drying. Literature of Applied Microbiology 48, 295–301.
34. Singer, J. W. (2005). Paclitaxel poliglumex (XYOTAX, CT-2103): a macromolecular taxane. Journal of Control 109, 120–126.
35. Shih IL, Van YT (2011). The production of poly (gamma-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresource Technology, 207–25.
36. Soliman, N.A., Berekaa, M.M. and Abdel-Fattah, Y.R. (2005) Poly γ-glutamic acid (PGA) production by Bacillus sp. SAB-26: application of Plackett-Burman experimental design to evaluate culture requirements. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 69, 259-267.
37. Tamang, J. P. (2015). Naturally fermented ethnic soybean foods of India. J. Ethnic Foods 2, 8–17.
38. Tanimoto, H., Mori, M., Motoki, M., Torii, K., Kadowaki, M., and Noguchi, T. (2001). Natto mucilage containing poly-γ-glutamic acid increases soluble calcium in the rat small intestine. Bioscience. Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 65, 516–521.
39. Tsao, C. T., Chang, C. H., Lin, Y. Y., Wu, M. F., Wang, J. L., Young, T. H., Han, J. L. & Hsieh, K. H. (2011). Evaluation of chitosan/ γ-poly (glutamic acid) polyelectrolyte complex for wound dressing materials. Carbohydrate Polymer 84, 812–819.
40. Urushibata, Y., Tokuyama, S. & Tahara, Y. (2002a). Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis C gene, involved in γ-polyglutamic acid production. Journal of Bacteriology, 337–343.
41. Wang, Q., Chen, S., Zhang, J., Sun, M., Liu, Z. & Yu, Z. (2008). Coproducing lipopeptides and poly- γ-glutamic acid by solid-state fermentation of Bacillus subtilis using soybean and sweet potato residues and its biocontrol and fertilizer synergistic effects. Bioresource Technology 99, 3318–3323.
42. Xiaoli Yang. (2011) Preparation and Characterization of γ-Poly(Glutamic Acid) Copolymer with Glycol Diglycidyl Ether. Procedia Environmental Sciences 11-15.
43. Xu Jian., Chen Shouwen & Yu Ziniu. (2005) Optimization of process parameters for poly γ-glutamate production under solid state fermentation from Bacillus subtilis CCTCC202048. Process Biochemistry 3075–3081.
44. Xu, H., Jiang, M., Li, H., Lu, D & Ouyang.P. (2005) Efficient production of poly (γ-glutamic acid) by newly isolated Bacillus subtilis NX-2. Process Biochemistry 519–523.
45. Yasser, R., Abdel-Fattah., Nadia.A.Solima and Mahommod.N. Berrekka. (2007) Application of Box-Bekhem design for optimization of poly γ- glutamic acid production by Bacillus licheniformis SAB-26. Research Journal of Microbiology 664-670.
46. Ye, H., Jin, L., Hu, R., Yi, Z., Li, J., Wu, Y., Xi, X. & Wu, Z. (2006). Poly (γ-,L-glutamic acid)–cisplatin conjugate effectively inhibits human breast tumor xenografted in nude mice. Biomaterials 27, 5958–5965.
47. Yoon, S., Do, J., Lee, S., and Chag, H. (2000). Production of poly-δ-glutamic acid by fed-batch culture of Bacillus licheniformis. Biotechnology, 585–588.
48. Yung-Shin Shyu., Jean-Yu Hwan & Cheng-Kuang Hsu. Improving the rheological and thermal properties of wheat dough by the addition of γ -polyglutamic acid. LWT Food Science and technology 982–987.
49. Zeng, W., Lin, Y., Qi, U., He, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, G & Liang. Z. (2012) An integrated high-throughput strategy for rapid screening of poly (γ)-glutamic acid producing bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67-74.
2. Ashok, P., Carlos, R.S. & David, M. (2000) New developments in solid state fermentation: I-bioprocesses and products. Process Biochemistry 1153–1173.
3. Bajaj, I.B & Singhal, R.S. (2009) Sequential optimization approach for enhanced production of Poly (γ -Glutamic Acid) from newly isolated Bacillus subtilis. Food Technology and Biotechnology 313–322.
4. Bhat, A.R., Irorere, V.U., Bartlett, T., Hill, D., Kedia, G., Morris, M.R., Charalampopoulos, D. & Radecka, I. (2013) Bacillus subtilis natto: a non-toxic source of poly-γ-glutamic acid that could be used as a cryoprotectant for probiotic bacteria. AMB Express 121-127.
5. Buescher, J. M. & Margaritis, A. M. (2007). Microbial biosynthesis of polyglutamic acid biopolymer and applications in the biopharmaceutical, biomedical and food industries. Critical Review on Biotechnology 27, 1– 19.
6. Baxi, N.B. (2014) Use of Nonspecific, Glutamic Acid-Free, Media and High Glycerol or High Amylase as Inducing Parameters for Screening Bacillus Isolates Having High Yield of Polyglutamic Acid. International Scholarly Research Notices 608 - 614.
7. Bhunia, B., Goswami, S.D., Mandal, T. & Dev, A. (2012) Improved production, characterization and flocculation properties of poly (γ)-glutamic acid produced from Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Biochemical Technology 433-439.
8. Guan-Huei H., Tong-Ing Hoc., Kuo-Huang Hsiehb., Yuan-Chi Sud., Pi-Yao Line., Jeng Yanga., Kun-Hsiang Yanga & Shih-Ching Yanga. (2006) γ-Polyglutamic Acid produced by Bacillus subtilis (natto): structural characteristics, chemical properties and biological functionalities. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 53, 1363-1384.
9. Hezayen, F.F., Rehm, B.H., Tindall, B.J., Sreinbuchel, A. and Eberhardt, R. (2000) Polymer production by two newly isolated extremely halophilic Archaes application of a novel corrosion resistant bioreactor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 54. 319-325.
10. Ho, G. H., Ho, T. I., Hsieh, K. H., Su, Y. C., Line, P.Y., Yang, J., Yang, K.H. & Yang, S.C. (2006). γ-Polyglutamic acid produced by Bacillus subtilis (natto): structural characteristics, chemical properties and biological functionalities. Journal of Chineese Chemistry 53, 1363–1384.
11. Hsieh, C.-Y., Tsai, S.P., Wang, D.M., Chang, Y.N. & Hsieh, H.J. (2005). Preparation of γ-PGA/chitosan composite tissue engineering matrices. Biomaterials 26, 5617–5623.
12. Ibrahim R. K., Victor U. I., Radecka. , Alan T. H., Marek K., Jessica L. M. and Martin P.K. (2015)Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: Biodegradable Polymer for Potential Protection of Beneficial Viruses. materials 987-1009.
13. Inbaraj, B. S., Chiu, C. P., Ho, G. H., Yang, J. & Chen, B. H. (2006). Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution using an anionic poly- γ-glutamic acid-based adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials 137, 226– 234.
14. Inbaraj, B.S., Kao, T.H., Tsai, T.Y., Chiu, C.P., Kumar, R., Chen, B.H. (2011) The synthesis and characterization of poly(γ -glutamic acid)-coated magnetite nanoparticles and their effects on antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. Nanotechnology 22, 075 - 101.
15. Ing-Lung Shih., Pei-Jen Wu & Chwen-Jen Shieh. (2005) Microbial production of a poly (γ -glutamic acid) derivative by Bacillus subtilis. Process Biochemistry 2827–2832.
16. Kimura, T., Takahashi, S., Akiyama, S., Uzawa, T., Ishimori .K & Morishima, .I. (2002) Direct observation of the multistep helix formation of poly- γ-glutamic acids. Journal of the American chemical Society 11596-11597.
17. King, E.C., Blacker, A.J. & Bugg T.H. (2000) Enzymatic breakdown of poly- γ- glutamic acid in Bacillus licheniformis: identification of a polyglutamyl γ-hydrolase enzyme. Biomacromolecules 75–83.
18. Kocianova, S., Vuong, C., yao, Y., Voyieh, J.M., Fischer, E.R., DeLeo, F.R. and Otto, M. (2005) Key role of poly-gamma-D-glutamic acid in immune evasion and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 688-694.
19. Lin, W.C., Yu, D. G and Yang, M. C. (2006). Blood compatibility of novel poly gamma glutamic acid / polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels. Colloids Surface and Biointerfaces 43-49.
20. Luo, Z.,, Guo, Y., Liu, J., Qiu, H., Zhao, M., Zou, W., & Li .S. (2016) Microbial synthesis of poly γ glutamic acid: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives. Biotechnology and Biofuels 1154-1161.
21. Meerak, J., Lida, H., Watanabe, Y., Miyashita, M., Sato, H., Nakagawa, Y., et al. (2007). Phylogeny of poly-γ-glutamic acid-producing Bacillus strains isolated from fermented soybean foods manufactured in Asian countries. Journal of Genetic and Applied Microbiology 315–323.
22. Mitsuiki, M., Mizuno, A., Tanimoto, H. & Motoki, M. (1998). Relationship between the antifreeze activities and the chemical structures of oligo- and poly (γ-glutamic acid)s. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 891–895.
23. Na-Ri Lee., Sang-Mee Lee., Kwang-Sik Cho., Seong-Yun Jeong., Dae-Youn Hwang., Dong-Seob Kim., Chang-Oh Hong & Hong-Joo Son. (2014) Improved production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid by Bacillus subtilis D7 isolated from Doenjang, a Korean traditional fermented food, and its antioxidant activity. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 918–932.
24. Ogunleye, A., Bhat, A., Irorere, V. U., Hill, D., Williams, C., and Radecka, I. (2015). Poly-γ-glutamic acid: production, properties and applications. Microbiology 161, 1–17.
25. Ogawa, Y., Kikuchi, M., Yuasa, K., Yamaguchi, F & Motai, H. (2001) Detection of gamma polyglutamic acid by SDS-Page. National Centre for Biotechnology Information 255-88.
26. Park, Y.J., Liang, J., Yang, Z. and Yang, V.C. (2001) Controlled release of clot-dissolving tissue type plasminogen activator from a poly L-glutamic acid semi interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel. Journal of Control 3-17.
27. Sakai, K., Sonoda, C. & Murase, K. (2000). Bitterness relieving agent. JP Patent WO0021390.
28. Sanaa E.T., Magda M.A., Saleha Y.A. and Maheda A.N. (2015) Purification and characterisation of gamma poly glutamic acid from newly Bacillus licheniformis NRC20. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 382-391.
29. Satter, M.A., Ara, H., Jabin, S.A., Abedin, N., Azad, A.K., Hossain, A & Ara .U. (2014) Nutritional composition and stabilization of local variety rice bran BRRI-28. International Journal of Science and Technology 5-11.
30. Shih IL, Van YT. (2001) The production of poly (γ -glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresource Technology, 79: 207–25.
31. Shih, L. & Wu, J. (2009). Biosynthesis and application of poly (γ-glutamic acid). In Microbial Production of Biopolymers and Polymer Precursors. Applications and Perspectives 101–135.
32. Shyu, Y. & Sung, W. (2010). Improving the emulsion stability of sponge cake by the addition of γ--polyglutamic acid. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 18, 895–900.
33. Siaterlis, A., Deepika, G. & Charalampopoulos, D. (2009). Effect of culture medium and cryoprotectants on the growth and survival of probiotic lactobacilli during freeze drying. Literature of Applied Microbiology 48, 295–301.
34. Singer, J. W. (2005). Paclitaxel poliglumex (XYOTAX, CT-2103): a macromolecular taxane. Journal of Control 109, 120–126.
35. Shih IL, Van YT (2011). The production of poly (gamma-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresource Technology, 207–25.
36. Soliman, N.A., Berekaa, M.M. and Abdel-Fattah, Y.R. (2005) Poly γ-glutamic acid (PGA) production by Bacillus sp. SAB-26: application of Plackett-Burman experimental design to evaluate culture requirements. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 69, 259-267.
37. Tamang, J. P. (2015). Naturally fermented ethnic soybean foods of India. J. Ethnic Foods 2, 8–17.
38. Tanimoto, H., Mori, M., Motoki, M., Torii, K., Kadowaki, M., and Noguchi, T. (2001). Natto mucilage containing poly-γ-glutamic acid increases soluble calcium in the rat small intestine. Bioscience. Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 65, 516–521.
39. Tsao, C. T., Chang, C. H., Lin, Y. Y., Wu, M. F., Wang, J. L., Young, T. H., Han, J. L. & Hsieh, K. H. (2011). Evaluation of chitosan/ γ-poly (glutamic acid) polyelectrolyte complex for wound dressing materials. Carbohydrate Polymer 84, 812–819.
40. Urushibata, Y., Tokuyama, S. & Tahara, Y. (2002a). Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis C gene, involved in γ-polyglutamic acid production. Journal of Bacteriology, 337–343.
41. Wang, Q., Chen, S., Zhang, J., Sun, M., Liu, Z. & Yu, Z. (2008). Coproducing lipopeptides and poly- γ-glutamic acid by solid-state fermentation of Bacillus subtilis using soybean and sweet potato residues and its biocontrol and fertilizer synergistic effects. Bioresource Technology 99, 3318–3323.
42. Xiaoli Yang. (2011) Preparation and Characterization of γ-Poly(Glutamic Acid) Copolymer with Glycol Diglycidyl Ether. Procedia Environmental Sciences 11-15.
43. Xu Jian., Chen Shouwen & Yu Ziniu. (2005) Optimization of process parameters for poly γ-glutamate production under solid state fermentation from Bacillus subtilis CCTCC202048. Process Biochemistry 3075–3081.
44. Xu, H., Jiang, M., Li, H., Lu, D & Ouyang.P. (2005) Efficient production of poly (γ-glutamic acid) by newly isolated Bacillus subtilis NX-2. Process Biochemistry 519–523.
45. Yasser, R., Abdel-Fattah., Nadia.A.Solima and Mahommod.N. Berrekka. (2007) Application of Box-Bekhem design for optimization of poly γ- glutamic acid production by Bacillus licheniformis SAB-26. Research Journal of Microbiology 664-670.
46. Ye, H., Jin, L., Hu, R., Yi, Z., Li, J., Wu, Y., Xi, X. & Wu, Z. (2006). Poly (γ-,L-glutamic acid)–cisplatin conjugate effectively inhibits human breast tumor xenografted in nude mice. Biomaterials 27, 5958–5965.
47. Yoon, S., Do, J., Lee, S., and Chag, H. (2000). Production of poly-δ-glutamic acid by fed-batch culture of Bacillus licheniformis. Biotechnology, 585–588.
48. Yung-Shin Shyu., Jean-Yu Hwan & Cheng-Kuang Hsu. Improving the rheological and thermal properties of wheat dough by the addition of γ -polyglutamic acid. LWT Food Science and technology 982–987.
49. Zeng, W., Lin, Y., Qi, U., He, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, G & Liang. Z. (2012) An integrated high-throughput strategy for rapid screening of poly (γ)-glutamic acid producing bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67-74.
Published
2018-06-25
How to Cite
Kumarr, M., Raj, J., Gopalan, N., Ramana, K., & Sharma, R. (2018). Poly (γ-) Glutamic Acid : A Promising Biopolymer. Defence Life Science Journal, 3(3), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.12192
Section
General Papers
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