Mathematical Modelling the Drying Kinetics of Beetroot Strips during Convective Drying at Different Temperatures
Abstract
The thin layer drying of beetroot strips was evaluated at drying temperatures from 60 °C to 90 °C using convective dryer at inlet air velocity of 1.0 m/s. The different drying models were tested to evaluate the drying characteristics of beetroot strips. The investigations showed that Page’s and modified Page’s equations were satisfactorily describing the drying behaviour of beetroot strips during convective drying with appreciable high correlation coefficient (0.9971<r<0.9990) with low error values. The effective moisture diffusivity was increased from 3.563 x 10-10 m2/s to 8.038 x 10-10 m2/s with increase in drying temperature. The temperature dependency of effective moisture diffusivity was described by Arrhenius equation and activation energy for moisture diffusivity was 30.08 KJ/mol. The drying kinetic coefficients were significantly (p<0.05) affected by drying air temperature. The exponents of models were decreased linearly with drying air temperature during drying of beetroot strips. The equilibrium moisture content was markedly affected by drying air temperature and it decreased linearly with drying air temperature. The results were very useful in standardisation and optimisation of drying process of beetroot strips in large scale commercial production.
References
Ertekin, C. & Yaldiz, O. Drying of egg plant and selection of a suitable thin layer drying model. J. Food Eng., 2004, 63, 349-359.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2003.08.007
Mcminn, W.A.M. Thin-layer modelling of the convective, microwave, microwave-convective and microwave-vacuum drying of lactose powder. J Food Eng., 2006, 72, 113-123.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.11.025
Parti, M. A theoretical model for thin-layer grain drying. Drying Technol., 1990, 8, 101-122.
doi: 10.1080/07373939008959866
Babalis, S.J.; Papanicolaou, E.; Kyriakis, N. & Belessiotis, V.G. Evaluation of thin-layer drying models for describing drying kinetics of figs (Ficus carica). J. Food Eng., 2006, 75, 205-214.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.04.008
Xia, B. & Sun, D.W. Application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the food industry: a review. Computer Electron. Agri., 2002, 34, 5-24.
doi: 10.1016/S0168-1699(01)00177-6
Kardum, J.P.; Sander, A. & Skansi, D. Camparision of convective, vacuum and microwave drying chlorpropamide. Drying Technol., 2001, 15, 2421-2440.
doi: 10.1081/DRT-100001359
Gunhan, T., Demir, V., Hancioglu, E. and Hepbasli, A. 2005. Mathematical modelling of drying of bay leaves. Ener. Conver. Managem. 2001, 46(11-12), 1667-1679.
doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2004.10.001
Pedreno, M.A. & Escribano, J. Correlation between antiradical activity and stability of betalanine from Beta vulgaris L. roots under different pH, temperature and light conditions. J. Sci. Food Agri., 2001, 81, 627-631.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.851
Vali, L.; Stefanovits-Banyai, E.; Szentmihalyi, K.; Febel, H.; Sardi, E.; Lugasi, A.; Kocsis, I. & Blazovics, A. 2007. Liver-protecting effects of table beet (Beta vulgaris var, Rubra) during ischemia-reperfusion. Nutri. 2007, 23, 172-178.
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.11.004
Jastrebova, K.; Witthoft, C.; Grahn, A.; Svensson, U. & Jagerstad, M. HPLC determination of folates in raw and processed beetroots. Food Chem., 2003. 80, 579-588.
doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00506-X
Stintzing, F.C. & Carle, R. Betalains-emerging prospects for food scientists. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2007, 18, 514-525.
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.04.012
Roy, K.; Gullapalli, S.; Chaudhuri, U.R. & Chakraborty, R. The use of a natural colorant based on betalain in the manufacture of sweet products in India. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2004, 39, 1087-1091.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.00879.x
Koul, V.K.; Iain, M.P.; Koul, S.; Sharma, V.K.; Tikoo, C.L. & Jain, S.M. Spray drying of beetroot juice using different carriers. Ind. J. Chem. Technol., 2002, 9, 442-445.
Mwithiga, G. & Olwal, J.O. The drying kinetics of kale (Brsssica oleracea) in a convective hot air dryer. J. Food Eng., 2005, 71 373-378.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.10.041
Doymaz, I. Drying characteristics and kinetics of okra. J. Food Eng., 2005b, 69, 275-279.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.08.019
Corzo, O.; Bracho, N. & Alvarez, C. Water effective diffusion coefficient of mango slices at different maturity stages during air drying. J. Food Eng., 2008, 87, 479-484.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.12.025
Lin, Y.P.; Tsen, J.H. & King, V.A.E. Effects of far-infrared radiation on the freeze-drying of sweet potato. J. Food Eng., 2005, 68, 249-255.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.037
Berruti, F.M.; Klaas, M.; Briens, C. & Berruti, F. Model for convective drying of carrots for pyrolysis. J. Food Eng., 2009, 92, 196-201.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.10.036
Jena, S. & Das, H. Modelling for vacuum drying characteristics of coconut presscake. J. Food Eng., 2007, 79, 92-99.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.032
Doymaz, I. Air-drying characteristics of tomatoes. J. Food Eng., 2007, 78, 1291-1297.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.12.047
Doymaz, I. Drying kinetics of white mulberry. J. Food Eng., 2004b, 61, 341-346.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00138-9
Kaleemullah, S. & Kailappan, R. Modelling of thin-layer drying kinetics of red chillies. J. Food Eng., 2006, 76, 531-537.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.049
Doymaz, I. Effect of dipping treatment on air drying of plums. J. Food Eng., 2004a, 64, 465-470.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2003.11.013
Kingsly, A.R.P. & Singh, D.B. Drying kinetics of pomegranate arils. J. Food Eng., 2007, 79, 741-744.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.02.033
Lahsaani, S.; Kouhila, M.; Mahrouz, M. & Jaouhari, J.T. Drying kinetics of prickly pear fruit (Opuntia ficus indica). J. Food Eng., 2004, 61, 173-179.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00084-0
Hil, C.L.; Law, C.L. & Suzannah, S. Drying kinetics of the individual layer of cocoa beans during heat pump drying. J. Food Eng., 2012, 109, 276-282.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.08.017
Erenturk, S. & Erenturk, K. Comparison of genetic algorithm and neural network approaches for the drying process of carrot. J. Food Eng., 2007, 78, 905-912.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.11.031
Cui, Z.W.; Xu, S.Y. & Sun, D.W. Microwave-vacuum drying kinetics of carrot slices. J. Food Eng., 2004. 65, 157-164.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.01.008
Gokhale, S.V. & Lele, S.S. Dehydration of red beet (Beta vulgaris) by hot air drying: Process optimization and mathematical modelling. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 2011, 20(4), 955-964.
doi: 10.1007/s10068-011-0132-4
Figiel, A. Drying kinetics and quality of beetroot dehydrated by combination of convective and vacuum-microwave methods. J. Food Eng., 2010, 98, 461-470.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.029
Ranganna, S. Hand book of analysis and quality control for fruits and vegetable products. Second edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication company Limited, New Delhi, 1986.
Parti, M. Selection of mathematical models for drying of grain in thin layers. J. Agri. Eng. Res., 1993, 54, 339-352.
doi: 10.1006/jaer.1993.1026
Crank, J. 1975. The mathematics of diffusion. Oxford, England, Claredon Press
Demirtas, C.; Ayhan, T. & Kaygusuz, K. Drying behaviour of hazelnuts. J. Sci. Food Agri., 1998, 76, 559-564.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199804)76:4<559::AID-JSFA988>3.0.CO;2-J
Resio, A.N.C.; Aguerre, R.J. & Suarez, C. Drying characteristics of amaranth grain. J. Food Eng., 2004. 65: 197-203.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.01.015
Debaste, F.; Halloin, V.; Bossart, L. & Haut, B. A new modeling approach for the prediction of yeast drying rates in fluidized beds. J. Food Eng., 2008, 84 335-347.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.05.022
Lewis, W.K. The rate of drying of solid materials. Indus Eng. Chem., 1921, 13(5), 427-432.
doi: 10.1021/ie50137a021
Page, G. Factors influencing the maximum rates of air-drying shelled corn in thin layers. M Sc Thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA. 1949.
Ovethults, D.D.; White, G.M.; Hamilton, H.E. & Rose, I.J. Drying soybeans with heated air. Trans ASAE. 1973, 16(1), 112-113.
doi: 10.13031/2013.37459) @1973
Henderson, S.M. & Pabis, S. Grain drying theory II: Temperature effects on drying coefficients. J. Agri. Eng. Res., 1961, 6, 169-174.
Yagcioglu, A.; Degirmencioglu, A. & Cagatay, F. Drying characteristics of laurel leaves under different drying conditions. In Pro 7th int. cong. Agri. mechan. Energy. Adana, Turkey. 1999.
Henderson, S.M. Progress in developing the thin-layer drying equation. Trans. ASAE, 1974, 17, 1167-1168/1172.
doi: 10.13031/2013.37052) @1974
Wang, C.Y. & Singh, R.P. Use of variable equilibrium moisture content in modeling rice drying. ASAE paper. 1978, 78-6505, ASAE, St. Joseph MI 49085
Sharaf-Eldeen, Y.I.; Blaisdell, J.L. & Hamdy, M.Y. A model for ear corn drying. Trans. ASAE, 1980, 5, 1261-1265.
doi: 10.13031/2013.34757) @1980
Verma, L.R.; Bucklin, R.A.; Endan, J.B. & Wratten, F.T. Effects of drying air parameters on rice drying models. Trans ASAE, 1985, 28, 296-301.
doi: 10.13031/2013.32245) @1985
Midilli, A.: Kucuk, H. & Yapar, Z. A new model for single-layer drying. Drying Technol., 2002, 20, 1503-1513.
doi: 10.1081/DRT-120005864
Demir, V.; Gunhan, T. & Yagcioglu, A.K. Mathematical modelling of convective drying of green table olives. Biosys. Eng., 2007, 98, 47-53.
doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.06.011
Karathanos, V.T. Determination of water content of dried fruits by drying kinetics. J Food Eng., 1999, 39, 337-344
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(98)00132-0
Aghbashlo, M.; Kianmehr, M.H.; Khani, S. & Ghasemi, M. Mathematical modelling of thin-layer drying of carrot. Int Agrophy., 2009, 23, 313-317.
Thompson, T.L.; Peart, R.M. & Foster, G.H. Mathematical simulation of corn drying- A new model. Trans ASAE, 1968, 11, 582-586.
doi: 10.13031/2013.39473) @1968
Doymaz, I. Drying kinetics of black grapes treated with different solutions. J. Food Eng., 2006, 76, 212-217.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.009
Panchariya, P.C.; Popovic, D. & Sharma, A.I. Thin-layer modelling of black tea drying process. J. Food Eng., 2002, 52, 349-357.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00126-1
Tasirin, S.M., Kamarudin, S.K., Jaafar, K. & Lee, K.F. The drying kinetics of bird’s chillies in a fluidized bed dryer. J. Food Eng., 2007, 79, 695-705.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.02.032
Togrul, I.T. & Pehlivan, D. Mathematical modelling of solar drying of apricots in thin layers. J. Food Eng., 2002, 55, 209-216.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00065-1
Singh, G.D.; Sharma, R.; Bawa, A.S. & Saxena, D.C. Drying and rehydration characteristics of water chestnut (Trapa natans) as a function of drying air temperature. J. Food Eng., 2008, 87, 213-221.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.11.027
Beltagy, A.E.; Gamea, G.R. & Essa, A.H.A. Solar drying characteristics of strawberry. J. Food Eng., 2007, 78 456-464.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.10.015
Ondier, G.O.; Siebenmorgen, T.J. & Mauromoustakos, A. Low-temperature, low-relative humidity drying of rough rice. J. Food Eng., 2010, 100, 545-550.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.05.004
Akpinar, E.K.; Bicer, Y. & Cetinkaya, F. Modelling of thin layer drying of parsley leaves in a convective dryer and under open sun. J Food Eng., 2006. 75, 308-315.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.04.018
Doymaz, I. Convective air drying characteristics of thin layer carrots. J. Food Eng., 2004c, 61, 359-364.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00142-0
Ozkan, I.A.; Akbudak, B. & Akbudak, N. Microwave drying characteristics of spinach. J Food Eng., 2007, 78, 577-583.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.10.026
Doymaz, I. & Pala, M. The thin-layer drying characteristics of corn. J. Food Eng., 2003, 60, 125-130.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00025-6
Sharma, G.P.; Verma, R.C. & Pathare, P.B. Thin-layer infrared radiation drying of onion slices. J. Food Eng., 2005, 67, 361-366.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.002
Madamba, P.S.; Driscoll, R.H. & Buckle, K.A. The thin-layer drying characteristics of garlic slices. J. Food Eng., 1996, 29, 75-97.
doi: 10.1016/0260-8774(95)00062-3
Babalis, S.J. & Belessiotis, V.G. Influence of the drying conditions on the drying constants and moisture diffusivity during the thin-layer drying of figs. J. Food Eng., 2004, 65, 449-458.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.02.005
Iguaz, A.; Martin, M.B.S.; Mate, J.I.; Fernandez, T. & Virseda, P. Modelling effective moisture diffusivity of rough rice (Lido cultivar) at low drying temperature. J. Food Eng., 2003, 59, 253-258.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00465-X
Tang, Z.; Cenkowski, S. & Izydorczyk, M. Thin-layer drying of spent grains in superheated steam. J. Food Eng., 2005, 67, 457-465.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.040
Basunia, M.A. & Abe, T. Thin-layer solar drying characteristics of rough rice under natural convection. J. Food Eng., 2001, 47, 295-301.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00133-3
Xanthopoulos, G., Oikonomou, N. & Lambrinos, G. Applicability of a single-layer drying model to predict the drying rate of whole figs. J. Food Eng., 2007, 81, 553-559.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.11.033
Rao, P.S.; Bal, S. & Goswami, T.K. Modelling and optimization of drying variables in thin layer drying of parboiled paddy. J. Food Eng., 2007, 78, 480-487.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.10.019
Sacilik, K. Effect of drying methods on thin-layer drying characteristics of hull-less seed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). J. Food Eng., 2007, 79, 23-30
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.023
Mohapatra, D. & Rao, P.S. A thin layer drying model of parboiled wheat. J. Food Eng., 2005, 66, 513-518.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.023
Doymaz, I.; Tugrul, N. & Pala, M. Drying characteristics of dill and parsley leaves. J. Food Eng., 2006, 77, 559-565.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.06.070
Doymaz, I. Pretreatment effect on sun drying of mulberry fruits (Morus alba L.) J. Food Eng., 2004d, 65, 205-209.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.01.016
Doymaz, I. Drying behaviour of green beans. J. Food Eng., 2005a, 69 161-165.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.08.009
Roberts, J.S.; Kidd, D.R. & Padilla-Zakour, O. Drying kinetics of grape seeds. J. Food Eng., 2008, 89, 460-465.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.05.030
Goyal, R.K.; Kingsly, A.R.P.; Manikantan, M.R. & Ilyas, S.M. Mathematical modeling of thin layer drying kinetic of plum in a tunnel dryer. J. Food Eng., 2007, 79, 176-180.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.041
Gaston, A.L.; Abalone, R.M. & Giner, S.A. Wheat drying kinetics, Diffusivities for sphere and ellipsoid by finite elements. J. Food Eng., 2002, 52, 313-322.
doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00121-2
.
where otherwise noted, the Articles on this site are licensed under Creative Commons License: CC Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 India