Defence Science Journal, Vol. 64, No. 1, January 2014, pp. 85-87, DOI:10.14429/dsj.64.2980
© 2014, DESIDOC
Received 21 December 2012, revised 27 November 2013, online published 23 January 2014
Micro-Doppler Frequency Estimation Based on Radon-Wigner Transform
Sun Huixia*,and Su Shidong
Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi-044 000, China
*E-mail: huixiasun2004@163.com
A nonparametric computationally efficient algorithm is proposed for micro-Doppler frequency estimation, assuming that this non-linear micro-Doppler frequency is approximate linear frequency in short-time intervals. In this algorithm, we use Radon-Wigner transform in short-time intervals to estimate micro-Doppler frequency. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Keywords:
Micro-doppler, frequency estimation, radon-wigner transform,
Mechanical vibration or rotation of a target, or structures on the target, may induce additional time varying frequency modulations on the returned radar signal, which generate sidebands about the target’s Doppler frequency, called micro-Doppler effect123. Micro-Doppler can be regarded as a unique signature of the target and provides additional information that is complementary to the existing methods for classification and recognition. However, the existence of micro-Doppler could also contaminate the body image due to the interference from the vibrating or rotating parts of the target4. So the estimation of time-varying micro-Doppler frequency is of great importance. Micro-Doppler frequency estimation can be achieved by means of either nonparametric or parametric approaches. Among the nonparametric methods, two commonly used approaches are spectrogram peak measurement and the normalized first moment measurement, both of which are confined for monocomponent5. Parametric approach, such as extended Hough transform, however, suffers from the expensive computations and large storage requirements6.
Aim of the study is to develop a nonparametric method for estimation of multicomponent micro-Doppler frequency. Authors formulated this problem as a dechirp problem by dividing the micro-Doppler frequency into several linear function since the signal segments in short time intervals are approximate linear FM (LFM)7. On one hand, this nonparametric method can be applied for multicomponent signals, on the other hand, the expensive computations and large storage requirements which parametric approach suffers from can be avoided.
The point scattering model is usually used in simplifying the analysis while preserving the micro-Doppler features1. Without loss of generality, the geometry of the radar and a target with finite rotation point-scatterers is depicted inFig. 1. Ro is the distance between the rotation center
and the stationary radar,
is the angle between the radar line of sight (LOS) and the rotation plane. The target is composed of a finite number of rotating point-scatterers
. Assume that the scatterers
rotate about the rotation center
with a constant rotation
rate and different rotation radii
and different initial phase
.
Figure 1.Geometry of radar and a target with finite point-scatterers.
The distance between the scattering center and radar can be denoted as follows
(1)
If the radar transmits a sinusoidal waveform with a carrier frequency
f, the baseband of the signal returned from the rotating point-scatterers is a function of
(2)
where
is the reflectivity function of the point-scatterer
,
c is the speed of the electromagnetic wave propagation, the phase of the baseband signal is
(3)
By taking the time derivative of the phase, the micro-Doppler frequency shift induced by the target’s rotation is obtained
(4)
which is a sinusoidal function of time oscillating at the rotation frequency
From the analysis, the micro-Doppler frequency which is a sinusoidal function of time should be analyzed by time-frequency transforms. The problem is now reduced to that of estimating a constant frequency sinusoid. If the observation time is short enough, the time-varying frequency can be approximated as linear frequency modulated (LFM). Practically, we assume that the micro-Doppler frequency can be approximated by a piecewise linear function5, for example, a sinusoid in a period can be approximated as two LFM with contrary chirp rate. The Wigner-Ville distribution has been found to provide ideal energy convergency capability on the time-frequency plane for mono-component LFM signal, however, it suffers from the problem of cross-term interference for multi-component signal. The Radon-Wigner transform (RWT) can eliminate interference of cross-term effectively and present good time-frequency concentration performance8. In this study, authors used RWT in short-time intervals to estimate micro-Doppler frequency.
Suppose the signal duration is T, and the sampling frequency is fs. The proposed detection algorithm is as follows (without loss of generality, take two rotation parts for example):
(a) Extract the rotation periods by taking the autocorrelation of the time sequence data, which are denoted as T1 and T2, then the number of LFM in the returned radar signal can be calculated as
and
respectively. From which the points in each LFM are computed to be
and
where
denotes the round-off operation;
(b) Calculate the RWT of the returned radar signal among
to estimate the first chirp rate
and its initial frequency
then the second initial frequency
can be evaluated by dechirping with slope
among
(c) The intersection point between the first LFM and the second LFM can be estimated by
while the intersection point
between the second LFM and the third LFM can also be evaluated, from which the period of this rotation part can be obtained;
(d) After obtaining the parameters of the highest energy component, we can filter out this component by performing a dechirping transform and apply a rechirping transform to the residual component. Then repeat (b) and (c) to obtain the chirp rate
and its initial frequency
as well as the intersection point
of the second component;
(e) Estimate several frequencies in each LFM (in this paper, we take three frequencies), and use curve-fit method to obtain the instantaneous frequency curve.
Assume that the simulation parameters are as follows:
,
,
,
and
The target is assumed to consist two rotation point-scatterers with
,
,
,
and
,
,
Figure 2(a) shows the theoretical result of the micro-Doppler frequency shift calculated from Eqn (4). The extracted micro-Doppler signature by applying the algorithm developed in this paper is shown in Fig 2(b), where the * represents the frequencies estimated in each LFM, the fitting sinusoids can be seen as the dash-dot line, which is almost superposed with the theoretical result (shown in the solid line).
Figure 2.Micro-doppler frequency estimation (a) Theoretical result and (b) Extracted result.
In this paper, we present a method for micro-Doppler frequency estimation by means of RWT based on the fact that micro-Doppler frequency can be approximated by a piecewise linear function. The proposed nonparametric method can be used for multicomponent signals while avoiding the expensive computations and large storage requirements of parametric approach.
This work was supported by a grant from school of Project of Yuncheng University (No. YQ-2013017).
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Dr Sun Huixia obtained her BE and PhD in 2005 and 2011, respectively. Her research interests include radar signal processing and pattern recognition.
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Mr Su Shidong obtained her BE in 1990. His research interests focus on electronics and computer applications.
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