Defence Life Science Journal

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2024-08-21T12:19:27+0530

Development of New Screening Methods for SARS CoV 2 and its Associated Developing Variations

2024-08-21T12:19:27+0530

As new and changing SARS-CoV-2 variants are discovered, there is an increasing demand for more adaptable diagnostic tools capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections. The wide range of symptoms experienced by infected individuals and unexpected variants make it more challenging than ever to create quick and accurate diagnostic tools. Pharmaceutical treatments and vaccinations are continually designed to strengthen the immune function and successfully combat SARS-CoV-2 and its variations. The discovery of new SARS-CoV-2 mutations and variants, along with the advancement of diagnostic methods that make it possible to identify them, have brought up a number of urgent issues that are covered in this review from a completely fresh perspective. Additionally, we go over the creation, composition, operating principles, benefits, and downsides of some of the most popular vaccinations and therapeutic medications, as well as the ensuing immunological influence.

Impact of Vaginal Microbiota on Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Human Papillomavirus Infection, and Cervical Cancer Prevention

2024-08-21T12:19:27+0530

Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most prevalent cancer among women globally, with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and other vaginal infections playing crucial roles in cervical lesion progression. While the body’s immune system can often combat HPV infections, conventional cervical cancer treatments may have cytotoxic effects. Therefore, prioritizing strategies to either decrease HPV infection rates or mitigate existing cervical cancer severity is vital. Certain Lactobacillus strains, prominent in the vaginal microbial community, contribute to vaginal epithelium protection by inhibiting pathogen colonization and producing antibacterial substances like bacteriocins. This review explores how cervicovaginal microbiota, particularly dominated by Lactobacillus species, can lower HPV infection risk, and impede cervical cancer progression. Emphasizing the probiotic impact, the article delves into the potential of vaginal lactobacilli and bacteriocin-producing strains against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer, highlighting underlying mechanisms. A healthy vaginal microbiota emerges as pivotal in averting diverse genital tract infections, preventing cervical lesions, and ultimately reducing the risk of cervical cancer.

Microgreens A Review on Bioactive Compounds, Sensory Acceptance and Utilisation in Functional Food Development

2024-08-21T12:19:27+0530

Microgreens are acquired by harvesting the upper part of a young plant within a window of 10-20 days. They are rich sources of several nutrients and antioxidants. Microgreens harbour minerals like magnesium, iron, calcium, zinc, selenium, and vitamins such as α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. Microgreen farming is attracting vegetable growers due to its short harvesting time and customer demand. But their deterioration starts just after harvest, resulting in a low shelf-life that deters their market growth. Developing functional foods with extended shelf-life using microgreens is required to further expand their market. Microgreens-based food-products hold great potential on the market. A few attempts have been made to develop microgreens-based food-products (muffins, beverages, and cookies), yet this area is still largely undiscovered. This review aims to discuss the bioactive compounds, associated health benefits, and sensory acceptance of microgreens and explore the development of novel, healthy, and tasty microgreens-based food-products.

Microbial L Asparaginases Therapeutic and Industrial Applications

2024-08-21T12:19:28+0530

L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that mostly helps break down asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonium in water. This enzyme can be found in many living things, like bacteria, plants, and some animals, like the serum of some rodents. Especially for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, it is an important chemotherapeutic drug for treating lymphoproliferative diseases and lymphomas. When L-asparaginase comes in contact with water, it breaks down more easily. At the moment, biotechnological methods using certain microorganisms are mostly used to make L-asparaginase. Still, industrial manufacturing needs a study that focuses on both increasing production yields and coming up with new ways to do things, like using different microbes to make enzymes useful in more situations. This review gives an overview of L-asparaginase’s uses and talks about how it is made by different microbes, as well as its limitations, current research, and issues that need to be fixed before it can be used in industry.

A Human Saliva Quality and Holistic Practices A Review on the Effects of Meditation, Dance and Exercise

2024-08-21T12:19:28+0530

This review article provides an overview of the effects of meditation, dance, and exercise on human saliva quality. Physical and mental fitness is essential for overall well-being, and engaging in these activities has been shown to promote physical and mental health. However, with the decline in physical activity due to technological advancements, stress has become a prevalent issue in modern society. Meditation, dance, and exercise have emerged as effective strategies for stress management. Stress levels can be measured through biomarkers, including those found in blood and saliva. Saliva may serve as a potential indicator of stress levels. Saliva contains various components that can serve as biomarkers for detecting systemic diseases and assessing overall health. Exploring the changes in saliva composition and understanding the physiological significance in response to meditation, dance, and exercise can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying their positive effects on health. Saliva biomarkers have been associated with stress, inflammation, immune function, and even neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, investigating the impact of these practices on saliva quality can uncover novel connections between mind-body interventions and overall well-being. This review highlights the importance of considering saliva as a valuable biofluid and encourages further research on salivary biomarkers in the context of meditation, dance, and exercise to expand our understanding of their therapeutic potential and optimise health outcomes.

Impact of Greenhouse Size on the Growth and Yield of Warm Season Vegetables During the Summer in Ladakh India

2024-08-27T14:22:41+0530

No guidelines exist on the size of naturally ventilated passive solar greenhouses in mountain regions, especially above 10,000 feet above mean sea level (AMSL). Two different-sized greenhouses in Ladakh were studied, and it was figured out that a large greenhouse (60 feet in length, 24 feet in width, 9 feet 6 inches in height) was better than a small greenhouse (32 feet in length, 18 feet width, 9 feet 6 inches height) for growing cucumber, capsicum, and brinjal in summer. The mean maximum and minimum temperature of the large greenhouse was 3.6±4.1°C and 1.3±1.6°C warmer in comparison to the small greenhouse. Cucumber was harvested seven days earlier, while capsicum and brinjal were harvested 17 days earlier in the large greenhouse. The marketable fruit numbers in cucumber, capsicum, and brinjal were 50.5 %, 46.9 %, and 67.7 % higher in the large greenhouse. The average marketable fruit yield of cucumber, capsicum and brinjal was 112 %, 55 % and 71.4 % higher in the large greenhouse than in the small greenhouse. Hence, large greenhouses are suggested for high-altitude Ladakh regions for growing warm-season crops in summer.

Induction of Maize Resistance to Downy Mildew Disease Peronosclerospora Spp. Using an Endophytic Consortium

2024-08-21T12:19:27+0530

Maize resistance to downy mildew is connected with the activation of multiple defense responses that slow or stop infection at specific stages of the host-pathogen interaction. The interaction between the pathogen and the host plant induces several changes in cell metabolism, especially phenolic content, activity of peroxidase enzyme (POD), and salicylic acid. In this study, an analysis was carried out on the effect of a consortium of endophytic microbes from the fungal group (isolates of AC-1, AC-2, AC-3, and DC-5) and bacterial group (isolates of II-D1, IV-B2, I-A1, III-A2, and I-D3) to control downy mildew in maize through seed treatment and watering of the isolate suspension around plant roots at 14 days after planting under screen house conditions. The results showed that DC[1]5+II-D1endophytic consortium significantly suppressed downy mildew disease up to 71 %, with the total phenolic content after inoculation 10.3 ppm. In comparison, the DC-5+I-A1 endophytic consortium treatment recorded the highest increase in salicylic acid concentration of 330 %. This treatment did not significantly affect the peroxidase enzyme activity. This study contributes to the understanding of potential mechanisms involved in the defense of maize against downy mildew, highlighting the role of POD and salicylic acid in plant susceptibility to pathogens.

Liver Function Markers Response to Different Exercise Intensities in Athletes A Single Bout Perspective

2024-08-21T12:19:27+0530

Exercise provides considerable health advantages through promoting proper body system functioning, healthy growth and development, and quality of life. The present study investigated the effect of single bout High- Intensity Exercise (HIE) compared to Low-Intensity Exercise (LIE) on liver function markers in athletes. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physical Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (UP). A total of 20 healthy male athletes with age range from 22 to 26 years were randomly selected and underwent 5 minutes of HIE and LIE separated by one week. Blood samples for selected liver function markers were taken pre-exercise, immediately, 10 and 20 minutes post-HIE and LIE, respectively. A repeated measures ANOVA with greenhouse-geisser correction found a significant difference between high and low intensity exercises for SGOT (F=5.881; p<0.05) and SBT (F=7.154; p<0.05) values, while statistically insignificant in the case of SGPT (F=1.572; p>0.05). In high intensity exercise there was statistically significant difference for SGOT (F=7.564; p<0.05) value between different time points. Post hoc analysis with a bonferroni correction showed that SGOT value was significantly increased immediately after the HIE, reducing 10 minutes after the exercise and closely returned to baseline level after 20 minutes of exercise, whereas LIE showed no significant changes. Exercise intensity is important as it triggers liver pathology by asymptomatic modifying liver function markers. These findings can be used to develop and administer exercise training plans for athletes.

Characterization and Serum Protein Profile of Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects of Western Region of Mumbai

2024-08-21T12:19:28+0530

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) a degenerative, inflammatory autoimmune disorder if undiagnosed can lead to mortality and morbidity. The diagnosis of RA is based on the scoring criteria of the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification for serological and acute-phase reactant measurements. Post-translational modifications of proteins are one of the reasons for RA. So far Synovial fluid-based proteomic studies have been done for protein characterization and studies on serum or urine samples to assess RA association proteins were minimal. Thus, the current study aimed to compare the serum samples of healthy and affected subjects using Orbitrap LC-MS and gene Ontology, Reactome & KEGG pathways to develop a profile. A study of 500 symptomatic patients was screened and found 46.6 % positivity of which 85 % were women & 15 % were men. A comparison of proteins between normal and affected individuals showed 27 differentially expressed proteins (DEP). A detailed study of protein functions and pathways using gene ontology was conducted. The studies indicated the 7 down-regulated proteins (Apolipoprotein B (112), Complement C3(89), CDNA FLJ75416 (30), Apolipoprotein A-I (24), Apolipoprotein A-IV (22), Complement C5(21), Prothrombin (14), and Heparin cofactor 2) may have good impact to initiate the Rheumatism associated Arthritis. Further studies on these proteins may help in their use for diagnostic purposes.

DUNET D UNET Dilated UNET for Brain Tumor Sub Region Segmentation using MRI Images

2024-08-21T12:19:28+0530

The precise diagnosis and treatment planning of brain tumors significantly rely on the accurate segmentation of sub-regions from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. In this research, we propose a framework, D-UNET (Dilated-UNET), which enhances the traditional UNET architecture by incorporating dilated convolutions. UNET is the deep CNN architecture widely adopted for biomedical image segmentation tasks. D-UNET is specifically designed for brain tumor sub-region segmentation from multi-modal (T1, T2, T1ce, Flair) MRI images in nifti file format, each comprising 155 slices. The framework comprises of four distinct steps viz. data collection, data preprocessing, model training, and outcome evaluation. D-UNET employs two key modules during training, the dilated encoding module and the dilated decoding module. These modules enable the model to efficiently capture multi-scale contextual information, facilitating better representation learning for complex and varied tumor sub[1]regions. We evaluated the performance of D-UNET using Intersection over Union and Dice Coefficient metrics. The experimental results demonstrate that D-UNET outperforms the traditional UNET and other benchmark models in terms of segmentation accuracy. Notably, D-UNET excels in capturing finer details and intricate shapes of tumor sub-regions, contributing to its superiority in brain tumor segmentation. The ability to precisely delineate tumor sub-regions from different modalities provides crucial insights for medical professionals in treatment planning and decision-making.