Subjects

-N 0-9

57.089 Biomedical Sciences

	Dosimetry of Cobalt 60 Gamma Chamber Author : Upadhyay, S.N. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:49(3) ; 1999 ; pp 211-216 Subject : 61 Medical Sciences;57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Radiation medicine ;Radiation therapy;Radiation dosimetry;Total body irradiation Abstract : "Ferrous sulphate-benzoic acid-xylen(tl orange (FBX) dosimetric system is linear in the range fl\|0m 0.01 Gy to 10 Gy and can be used in the case of a nuclear accident, for documenting clinical doses in total-body irradiations in radiation therapy as well as for measuring daily radiation dose during external beam therapy because of its tissue-equivallency. FBX system is stable up to 15 days in the range 15 - 60 degree centigrade. It is independent of photon energy up to 3 ke V and is fairly dose rate in dependent in the range from 0.01 to 2.5 Gy/min. Besides its use in radiation therapy, external beam therapy and nuclear accidents, the present study shows that this dosimeter can be effectively used for determining positional variation inside the gamma chamber. This has been detected by placing dosimetric solutions in small bottles kept in two racks of the phantom in a symmetrical fashion. Average variations in two tracks were found to be 2.74 per cent, 0.33 per cent, 4 per cent and 4.83 per cent. "
	Studies on the quality of liver extract preparations Author : Tayal, J.N. ;Srivastava, R.K. ;Zutshi, D.N. ;Mathur, M.C. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:10(4) ; 1960 ; pp 313-319 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences Keywords : Liver extract preparations ;Histamine-like substances ;Toxicity test ;Pyrogen test Abstract : Result of analyses of different brands of Liver Extract have been presented. It has been recommended that in regard to the 'B12' content the higher limit should be fixed at 150 percent of claim. "Total solids' and 'Protein Nitrogen' have not been found to bear any relationship either between themselves or with the contents of 'B12' vitamin and 'histamine like substances' respectively. It has therefore been recommended that these standards should be further investigated. A content of 'histamine-like substances' higher than 50 mcg/ml has been shown to be related with toxicity of the preparation. It has been recommended that standards in relation to the 'toxicity test' and 'limit' of histamine like substances' should be finally arrived at after further collaborative work. A dose of 1.0 ml/Kg rabbit weight has been recommended for Pyrogen Test; a pH range of 5 to 7 has been confirmed.
	Mechanism of Cyanide Toxicity and Efficacy of its Antidotes Author : Raza, S.K.;Jaiswal, D.K. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:44(4) ; 1994 ; pp 331-340 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Sulphur donors ;Cyanohydrin formers;Methaemoglobin formers;Cyanide intoxication;Inhibited enzymes;Chemical warfare agents;Hydrogen cyanide Abstract : This paper attempts to review the various antidotes available for countering cyanide threat in the light of the toxicity associated with it. It also critically evaluates the drawbacks and advantages of these antidotes for their therapeutic and/or prophylactic utility. The physico-chemical properties of hydrogen cyanide which make it a chemical warfare agent have also been highlighted. In an attempt to make the complex chemical and biological processes understandable, the chemical structures of the antidotes have been included and simple mechanistic pathways have been used to show the role of antidotes in activating the inhibited enzymes.
	Toxicology of Gallium Arsenide: An Appraisal Author : Flora, S.J.S. ;Gupta, Das Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:44(1) ; 1994 ; pp 5-10 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Electronic warfare;Semiconductor materials;Toxicology;Semiconductors;Hepatotoxic effects Abstract : The toxicity of gallium arsenide (GaAs), a compound extensively used in Defence as a superior semiconductor material, in ground-and space-based radar and in electronic warfare is not well known. Results from recent reports on experimental animals indicate that GaAs produces profound effects on the lung, liver, immune and haematopoietic systems. GaAs is found to be soluble in aqueous solution and forms unidentified gallium and arsenic species upon dissolution. Different species of arsenic which are formed following the exposure may lead to various toxic effects. This paper gives a comprehensive account of work carried out in the toxicology of GaAs.
	Cellulose digestion in heterotmes indicola, Wassermann and Coptotermes hiemi wasmann Author : Mishra, J.N. ;Ranganantnan, S.K. ;Vijayaraghavan, P.K. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:10(3) ; 1960 ; pp 244-256 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences Keywords : Cellulose digestion ;Cellobiase Abstract : High activities of cellulose and cellobiase have been found in the gut extracts of the worker caste of two species of Heterotermes indicola, Wasmann and Coptotermes heimi, Wasmann. The properties of the two enzymes from H. Indicola have been investigated. It has been found that the soldier caste of these termites is capable of splitting cellobiose while incapable of breaking down cellulose into simpler sugars.
	Rupture of Human Skin Membrane under Impact of Parabolodial Projectile: Bullet wound Ballistics Author : Parrey, Nabi ;Singh, Vijay Paul;Ali, Mukhtar M. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:46(4) ; 1996 ; pp 233-236 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences;531.55 Projectiles Keywords : Spherical projectiles ;Threshhold velocity;Parabolic projectiles Abstract : This paper attempts to study the effect of the impact of a paraboloidal projectile on human shin membrane. The tip of the projectile (i.e., the bullet tip) has been considered to be paraboloidal and is made of lead or steel. The threshold velocity i.e., the velocity when the skin membrane is about to rupture has been calculated for human beings of various age groups. The threshold velocity for a paraboloidal projectile of certain dimensions has been found, for all age groups, to be less than that of a spherical projectile under similar conditions.
	Laboratory Evaluation of Dibenz (b,f)-1,4-Oxazepine for the Protection of Nylon Tapes against Rodents Attack Author : Mandki, M.J.;Prakash, Shri ;Gutch, P.K. ;Malhotra, R.C.;Rao, K.M.;Singh, Jagat;Hussain, I. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:50(1) ; 2000 ; pp 59-62 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Insecticides;Aircraft arresters;Deltamethrin;UV resistant nylon tapes Abstract : The efficacy of dibenz (b,f)-l ,4-oxazepine (CR), a potent sensory irritant and deltamethrin a well-known insecticide, in providing protection to the multi-element nylon tapes, used as aircraft arresters at airports have been evaluated. The results obtained indicate that 5 per cent CR-admixed UV resistant nylon tapes got adequate protection against attacks from wild type laboratory bred Rattus rattus for up to 160 days. CR treatment was found to be water wash resistant against 7, 30 and 60 days protection offered by 3, 4 and 5 per cent deltamethrin, respectively.
	Probiotics: Microbial Therapy for Health Modulation Author : Goel, Ajay Kumar ;Dilbaghi, N.;Singh, Lokendra ;Kamboj, Dev Vrat Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:56(4) ; 2006 ; pp 513-529 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Prebiotics;Probiotics;Gut microflora;Microbial therapy;Health modulation;Microbial ecosystem;Human health;Gut health Abstract : The human gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem that harbours a rich and diverse microflora. These microbes live in harmony with the host and exert various beneficial effects on human health by their metabolic activities. However, in our modern life style, frequent and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has disturbed this microbial ecosystem, resulting in occurrence of various bowel diseases. Some live microbial food supplements can re-establish this microbial ecosystem. Such a group of microorganisms, which positively influences the intestinal microbiota by stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppressing the harmful ones, is collectively known as probiotics. These have been consumed in the form of fermented milk products for centuries. However, scientific interest in their use for health maintenance and disease prevention has emerged over the past few years only. Various scientific evidences show that probiotics help to reduce several disorders including diarrhea, inflammatory bowel diseases, urinary tract infections, hypertension, allergies, and cancer. Besides, probiotics exert several other benefits also to human beings and animals. Important issues in the probiotic therapy include selection of appropriate strain, its viability during storage, gut persistence potential and functional properties. Another category involved in gut health is prebiotics. These are non-digestible food ingredients, which beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth or activity of one or a limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon. This review paper highlights the major health benefits of probiotic organisms, mechanisms of their action, criteria of selection, enumeration, and safety of their use for human health.
	Regression of Body Density on Skinfold Thicknesses in High Altitude Natives: Decline in the Predictive Efficiency on De-Acclimatisation to Low Altitude Author : Selvamurthy, W. ;Rao, T.L.;Dimri, G.P.;Chaudhary, K.L.;Prasad, J.;Pramanik, S.N.;Kishnani, S.;Zachariah, T.;Bharadwaj, H. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:45(3) ; 1995 ; pp 237-242 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : De acclimatisation ;Anthropometric measurements Abstract : Body density, stature, body weight and skinfold thickness at 11 sites were experimentally measured on two groups of high altitude natives (HAN) of Ladakh. Group 1, consisting of 38 similar volunteers was studied after 4-week stay at an altitude of 3658 m and Group 2, consisting of 38 similar volunteers was studied after 4-week stay at Delhi (altitude, 200m). Although, there was a strong relationship between skinfolds, other anthropometric measurements and body density (R=0.898) at high altitude (HA), this relationship was significantly reduced at Delhi (R=0.642). Appropriate regression equations predicting body density from skinfold thicknesses, stature and body weight are given for HAN at both the locations. It is concluded that hyperhydration of the lean body and the adipose tissue may be responsible for the weakening of the multiple Rs on de-acclimatisation to low altitude.
	Estimation of Uranium in Some Edible and Commercial Plants Author : Choudhury, S.;Boruah, M.;Goswami, T.D. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:42(4) ; 1992 ; pp 241-243 Subject : 58 Botany;57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Toxicology Abstract : The trace contents of uranium have been estimated in some edible and commercial plants by PTA method. The groups of food plants studied are cereals, pulses, underground vegetables, leafy vegetables, and fruit vegetables. The commercial plants and ingredients taken are betel leaves, tobacco leaves, areca nuts, and lime. Among the different samples studied, the average uranium content, in general, is found to vary from 0.25 to 2.67 ppm.
	Whole Body Counters in Biomedical Research Author : Jain, S.C. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:44(1) ; 1994 ; pp 15-19 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Radiation fallout;Absorption tests;Detectors;Shielding;Detector subject geometry Abstract : Whole body counter plays an important role in medical diagnosis and clinical research. It has been used for monitoring of radiation workers for the assessment of internal contamination or assessment of activity in persons exposed to radiation fallout. In a nuclear emergency like Chernobyl, neutron exposure to the radiation victims was assessed by measuring the induced activity of /sup 24/Na. Apart from its use in determining certain element composition in the body, it has got a number of clinical applications like absorption tests, and metabolic and kinetic studies. The work done at INMAS whole body counter facility is also discussed.
	Body surface area of Indians Author : Mehra, N.C. ;Dasgupta, N.C. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:5(1) ; 1955 ; pp 1-4 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Body ;Surface Abstract : A simple method for measuring body surface area of man is described. Surface areas of twenty Indian subjects were measured by this method and compared with the values calculated by using the height-weight formula of DuBois. It has been shown that the DuBois formula can be used for calculating body surface areas of Indians with the same degree of accuracy as obtained by DuBois with non-Indian subjects.
	Determination of Surface Area of Head for Biomedical and other Applications Author : Bhat, T.Balakrishna ;Papukutty, K.K.;Rao, S.S. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:45(3) ; 1995 ; pp 233-236 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Snug contour matched paper dome ;Armour design Abstract : A simple, rapid and reproducible method has been devised for measuring the surface area of the head relevant for armour design. In this method, the following stages are involved: (i) securing a kraft paper over the head with the help of elastic band, (ii) tightly folding the paper wherever necessary to make a snug contour-matched paper dome, (iii) marking the folded areas with lines, (iv) spreading the paper and cutting out areas within the folds and the area filling outside the marked periphery of interest, (v) weighing the cut-out pieces and few pieces of known area from the same sheet, and finally (vi) calculating the head-surface area. Preliminary data on 12 volunteers indicated that head-surface area has no significant correlation with their age, total body-surface area calculated from height and weight or with the circumference of their heads. A significant and positive correlation was found with cephalic length. The new method can find application in biomedical studies and head gear designs (e.g. helmets).
	Photolysis of cellulose Author : Subramanian, T.S. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:4(1) ; 1954 ; pp 1-14 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Cellulose ;Photolysis Abstract : "The paper reviews in brief the salient features of the work under study at T.D.E.L., Kanpur. The requisite historical background is provided. The results are reported under two main heads- (i) Fundamental studies on the action of light on cellulose, and (ii) Barriers for the prevention of light attack on cellulose. Extensive investigations, on barriers which will minimize the extent of photolysis have shown that urea-formal-dehyde resin and hydrated manganese oxide are outstanding. The mechanism of protection has been investigated."
	Design and Performance of INMAS Whole Body Counter Author : Kapoor, K.K.;Gupta, M.M.;Jain, S.C.;Bhola, G.C.;Ray, N.K.;Rao, G.S.V. Babu;Gupta, N.K.;Nagaratnam, A. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:24(3) ; 1974 ; pp 91-96 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : Radiation protection;Whole body monitors;K Body potassium Abstract : A whole-body counter has been commissioned at INMAS for radiation protection and clinical applications including body potassium estimations. It has 4-crystal bed geometry inside a shielded enclosure. The background index of the system (counts) per minute per cc detector volume in the energy band 0.1-2 me V is about 0.6 comparing favorably with other whole-body monitors in the world. The sensitivity is 0.5 cpm per gram of K. Body potassium can be estimated can be estimated correct to 10 g for one hour counting. The variation in detector response to a point source on the mid-line of the bed is + - 10% of the mean over a length of 170 cm. The usefulness of the large dimensions of the enclosure chosen is discussed.
	Flow-cytometric Analysis of Bacillus anthracis Spores Author : Kamboj, D. V.;Agarwal, G. S.;Dwarkanath, B. S.;Adhikari, J. S. ;Alam, S. I. ;Singh, Lokendra Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:56(5) ; 2006 ; pp 769-774 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Flow cytometry;Bacillus anthracis;Bacterial spores;FITC;Immunofluorescence;Bioterrorism;Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-labelled antibodies;Fluorescein isothiocyanate Abstract : Flow-cytometric technique has been established as a powerful tool for detection and identification of microbiological agents. Unambiguous and rapid detection of Bacillus anthracis spores has been reported using immunoglobulin G-fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate against live spores. In addition to the high sensitivity, the present technique could differentiate between spores of closely related species, eg, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis using fluorescence intensity. The technique can be used for detection of live as well as inactivated spores making it more congenial for screening of suspected samples of bioterrorism.
	Electrochemical Analysis of Natural Chemopreventive Agent (Curcumin) in Extracted Sample and Pharmaceutical Formulation Author : Modi, Garima;Pitre, K.S. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:60(3) ; 2010 ; pp 255-258 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;Defence Science Journal Keywords : Curcumin;DPP;anticarcinogenic;pharmaceutical formulation;differential pulse polarography Abstract : Curcumin has anti-oxidative and anticarcinogenic activities. This study shows the electrochemical behaviour of curcumin using polarography, i.e., DC polarography and differential pulse polarography (DPP) methods. In ammonium tartrate as supporting electrolyte, the differential pulse polarogram of curcumin shows two conjugated peaks with peak potential (Ep) 1125 mV and 1275 mV vs SCE. However, the direct current polarogram shows only one polarographic wave with E1/2 which was 1275 mV. The developed electrochemical methods have been standardised for the determination of curcumin in extracted sample of natural origin and its pharmaceutical formulation. The electrochemical analysis has been supplemented by ultraviolet and infrared spectral analyses of the samples.
	Autoradiographic Technique in Contamination Control Author : Jain, M.P. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:16(4) ; 1966 ; pp 247-252 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;577 Biochemistry Keywords : Routine survey meters;Decontaminating procedures Abstract : For detecting extremely low levels of contamination, autoradiography offers a simple method which is a hundred times more sensitive than usual survey meters. Used in conjuction with routine survey meters, autoradiography of swipes taken from laboratory areas of contamination will be a useful, sensitive, long-term monitor. The technique can also be used for assessing the efficiency of different decontaminating procedures.
	Diet serum cholesterol and coronary diseases Author : Nath, Narindar Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:11(3) ; 1961 ; pp 221-227 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Serum;Coronary diseases Abstract : The probable sequence of events leading to atherosclerotic disease of the coronary artery and heart attack are briefly described. Blood cholesterol as a casual agent in atherosclerosis and how blood cholesterol can be modified are discussed. The effects of various dietary components particularly quality and quantity of fat and protein on the blood cholesterol concentration are discussed and it is emphasized that more work needs to be done to ascertain the role of individual components of the diet and their relative importance in atherogenesis.
	Theories for Skilled Limb Movements Author : Agarwal, Gyan C. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:43(3) ; 1993 ; pp 187-200 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Alpha gamma control;Perform skilled limb movements;Amplitude modulation Abstract : Some of the theories that have been advanced to perform skilled limb movements are reviewed in this paper. The aspects discussed in brief include alpha-gamma control, choice of control variables in limb movements, equilibrium point hypotheses, experimental observations from simple movement studies and explanations proposed, in particular the dual strategy hypothesis. The single mechanical degree-of-freedom movements may be controlled by one of two strategies: a speed-insensitive strategy or a speed-sensitive strategy. The term strategy implies a set of rules which specify in terms of task variables and subject instructions how to choose the excitation signal, the controlling signal at the alpha motoneuron level. The two strategies differ in that speed-insensitive strategy is a result of duration modulation of the excitation pulse, whereas the speed-sensitive strategy is a result from amplitude modulation. Finally, the problem of multi-degrees of freedom movements and the role of higher motor control centres are discussed in brief.
	Therapeutic Efficacy of Saline and Glucose Saline against Dermally applied Sulphur Mustard Intoxication in Mice Author : Sugendran, K.;Jeevaratnam, K.;Vijayaraghavan, R.;Gupta, S. Das Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:44(1) ; 1994 ; pp 21-23 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Sulphur mustard intoxication;Glucose saline treatments Abstract : A single dose of saline or glucose-saline (5 mg glucose/kg) offered similar protection to mice against sulphur mustard intoxication, the extent of survival being 83 per cent as against 33 per cent without treatment. All the animals were protected when the treatment was extended by another two consecutive days in the glucose-saline treated group. Both saline and glucose-saline treatments could ameliorate the haemoconcentration as well as normalise pO/sub 2/ and % oxygen saturation. The protection conferred is attributed to the probable replenishment of fluid loss.
	Isolation of TNT tolerant pseudomonas species (Strain KA) from TNT contaminated soil biotransformation of TNT Author : Tope, Avinash M. ;Jamil, Kaiser Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:51(2) ; 2001 ; pp 141-146 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences Keywords : Bacteriology;Explosives;Chromatography;Spectrometry;Pseudomonas Abstract : "A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) utilising bacterium, Pseudomonas species (strain KA) was isolated from soils of a munitions processing unit and studied for itsability to grow and metabolise TNT. The result indicated that the isolate could grow aerobically in a minimal salt medium containing 0.25 mM/l TNT at 30 °C. It could completely transform 0.25 mM/l TNT in 5 days giving 2-isomeric monoaminodinitrotoluenes, namely 4-aminodinitrotoluene and 2-aminodinitrotoluene. Products of TNT transformation were analysed and confirmed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Both, growth of the isolate and biotransformation rates were better supported on sugar and ammonium salt when added to the medium separately. Pseudomonas species (strain KA) showed maximum TNT transformation efficiency in the presence of mannose. For degradation of TNT, this strain can be employed to initiate the process in association with the other microbial members that can collectively degrade TNT . "
	Chemical radioprotectors Author : Upadhyay, S. N.;Dwarakanath, B. S.;Ravindranath, T.;Mathew, T.L. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:55(4) ; 2005 ; pp 403-425 Subject : 61 Medical Sciences;57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Radioprotectors;Radiation damage;Chemical radioprotectors;Herbal radioprotectors;Radiation injury;WR-2721;Bisbenzimidazole;Hoechst-33258;Analogue Hoechst-33342 Abstract : Protection of biological systems against radiation damage is of paramount importance during accidental and unavoidable exposure to radiation. Several physico-chemical and biological factors collectively contribute to the damage caused by radiation and are, therefore, targets for developing radioprotectors. Work on the development of chemicals capable of protecting biological systems from radiation damage was initiated nearly six decades ago with cysteine being the first molecule to be reported. Chemicals capable of scavenging free radicals, inducing oxygen depletion, antioxidants and modulators of immune response have been some of the radioprotectors extensively investigated with limited success. Mechanism of action of some chemical radioprotectors and their combinations have been elucidated, while further understanding is required in many instances. The present review elaborates on structure-activity relationship of some of the chemical radioprotectors, their evaluation, and assessment, limitation, and future prospects.
	Assessing Delayed Neurotoxicity in Rodents after Nerve Gas Exposure Author : Husain, K.;Pant, S.C. ;Vijayaraghavan, R.;Singh, Ram Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:44(2) ; 1994 ; pp 161-164 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Organophosphorus nerve gas;Sarin;Organophosphorous compounds ;Ataxia;Axonal degeneration;Neurotoxicity Abstract : "Delayed neurotoxicity of an organophosphorus nerve gas Sarin (a chemical warfare agent) following repeated inhalation exposure in rats and mice, was studied by behavioural, biochemical and histopathological analyses. Rats exposed to Sarin aerosols (12.5 mg/m/sup 3/ for 20 min) daily for ten days did not exhibit any clinical sign of delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity in the brain, spinal cord and platelets was significantly inhibited, but the inhibition was below the threshold. Histopathological examination of spinal cord did not show any axonal degeneration. Mice exposed to Sarin aerosols (5 mg/m/sup 3/ for 20 min) daily for ten days developed mild ataxia and muscular weakness of the hind limb on 14th day after the start of exposure. NTE activity was significantly inhibited in brain, spinal cord and platelets. Histopathology of spinal cord showed focal axonal degeneration. Acetyl-choline esterase activity in the platelets of both the animals was significantly inhibited. We conclude that mice are sensitive to delayed neurotoxicity induced by repeated exposure to sarin whereas rats are insensitive. "
	Cyclosarin : An organophosphate nerve agent Author : Krejcova, G.;Kuca, K.;Sevelova, L. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:55(2) ; 2005 ; pp 105-115 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Cyclosarin;Nerve agent;Chemical warfare agent;Organophosphorous compounds;Cholinesterase inhibition;AChE reactivators;Antidots;Oximes Abstract : Organophosphorus compounds ascribed to as nerve agents (sarin, soman, tabun, cyclosarin) are highly toxic, and are considered to be the most dangerous chemical compounds. All apparently share a common mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition and can cause similar symptoms. The standard therapy, in the case of organophosphorus poisoning, has the prophylactic use of reversibly acting AChE inhibitors and antidotal administration of AChE reactivators-oximes. Unfortunately, none of these oximes can be regarded as a broad spectrum antidote, ie, effective against all nerve agents. While the presently available oximes (pralidoxime, obidoxime) are not considered to be sufficiently effective against nerve agents, especially in the case of soman poisoning, the H oximes (HI-6, HLö7) appear to be very promising antidotes against nerve agents because these are able to protect the experimental animals from toxic effects and improve survival of animals poisoned with supralethal doses. A lot of research has been pursued on the treatment of sarin, soman, and tabun, but cyclosarin was not considered for such a study for a long time. Recently, attention of researchers has also turned to cyclosarin because of its potential use as a chemical warfare agent. Cyclosarin is highly toxic organophosphorus compound which is resistant to conventional oxime therapy. This paper reviews the latest position of cyclosarin in standpoint of medical treatment by various reactivators considering the ability of various oximes, HI-6, HS-6, BI-6, and K033 of their reactivation potency.
	Military Malaria in Northeast Region of India Author : Dhiman, Sunil;Baruah, Indra;Singh, Lokendra Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:60(2) ; 2010 ; pp 213-218 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;Defence Science Journal Keywords : Malaria;armed forces;paramilitary forces;Plasmodium;Anopheles Abstract : Malaria has always been a pernicious problem of serious health hazard in the northeast region of India. The problem is worst for military and paramilitary forces deputed in all the states of this part of country. The forces are deployed for a short time generally from non malarious regions and thus become highly vulnerable to acquire the malaria infection. Several potential malaria vectors with very high vectorial capacity and high slide positivity rate in civil population manifold the chances of infection. In the present review, the incidence of malaria in the armed forces and paramilitary forces are discussed in detail and minimal measures for the control of malaria in northeastern region have been suggested.
	Biomedical Applications of Simulated Environments Author : Selvamurthy, W. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:43(3) ; 1993 ; pp 253-258 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Environmental physiology;Human decomposition chamber;Portable oxygen regenerator Abstract : Environmental physiology assumes great significance in our national context of the diverse climatic conditions prevailing in different regions. Troops have to operate in diverse environmental conditions guarding the frontiers. Hence, the research in this area has been focused on the usage of field studies in the natural environments or simulated environments in the laboratory. Besides, the application of the simulation chambers in the research on the physiological effects of diverse environments, these studies may have applications in the control and management of certain clinical disorders. Some simulation chambers and specilised set-ups have been designed and developed at the Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences to carry out simulation studies. This paper describes these developments and the potentials of these biomedical applications of simulated environments.
	Chemoreceptor sensitivity in women mountaineering trainees of different altitudes inducted by trekking to 4350 m Author : Bhaumik, G.;Purkayastha, S. S.;Sharma, R. P.;Sharma, Y. K.;Selvamurthy, W.;Banerjee, P. K. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:55(4) ; 2005 ; pp 427-435 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences;612 Physiology Keywords : Hypoxic ventilatory response;Hypercapnic ventilatory response;High altitude;Chemoreceptor sensitivity Abstract : This study was conducted on women mountaineering trainees to evaluate the hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses, and the precise nature of changes in the sensitivity of chemoreceptors on induction by trekking to 4350 m. Two groups of women belonging to different ethnic origins and residents of different altitudes, ie, moderate-altitude women (MAW- Mongolians) and low-altitude women (LAW-Caucasians) were the subjects in this study. Tests of sensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia were carried out initially at 2100 m, then during 4 to7 days of sojourn at 4350 m following induction by trekking, and re-tested on return to 2100 m. The results indicate that there is a significant difference (P < 0.05) of hypoxic ventilatory response in women of two different ethnic groups. Both hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses increased significantly (P < 0.05) on induction to high altitude. On descent, hypoxic values reverted back to pre-induction levels, whereas hypercapnic ventilatory response showed relatively higher values (P < 0.05).
	The applicability of the dubois height weight formula for measurement of body surface of Indian subjects Author : Ramaswamy, S.S. ;Mookerjee, A.M.C. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:3(3-4) ; 1953 ; pp 203-208 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Du Bois ;Anthropometer Abstract : The body surface area of 18 healthy adult Indian subjects was measured by taking part by part linear measurements for the whole body with the help of Anthropometer Beam Calipers and applying Du Bois linear formula method. The surface area values computed from Du Bois Height-weight formula were compared with the measured values. The average error in the eighteen cases is 1.5 percent. The standard deviation of the errors is 1.8 percent about the mean error of -0.5 percent. The errors are not statistically significant. As the original Du Bois formula itself is stated to have an average error of 1.5 percent, the present work confirms that the accuracy with which Du Bois formula predicts body surface, is not sensibly different for Indians as against Europeans.
	Zero Crossing Edge Detection and Contour Tracing for Segmentation of Cervical Cell Nucleus Author : Ramesh, B.V.;Raghunandan, S.;Ramakrishnan, K.R. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:43(3) ; 1993 ; pp 223-228 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : Algorithm;Gaussian operator Abstract : To automate the process of screening of normal and abnormal cervical cells, there is a need for automatic segmentation of the nucleus of these cells. This paper presents an algorithm using the Laplacian of Gaussian operator and contour tracer to segment the nucleus from the background. The algorithm has been tested on different kinds of images of cervical cells.
	Effects of different oils and fats on the blood lipids of normal service personnel Author : Nath, H. ;Majumdar, S.K. ;Gupta, O.P. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:9(3) ; 1959 ; pp 199-205 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences Keywords : Oils ;Fats ;Blood lipids ;Personnel ;hydrogenated ;Vegetable oil ;Cholesterol Abstract : "A trial was undertaken to study the relative effects of rations containing oil hydrogenated, a vegetable oil (mustard oil) and milk ghee on serum cholesterol of 30 recruits obtained from one of the Regimental Centers. The study was carried out for a total period of 3 months. The results of the study indicated that there is significant decrease in the average serum cholesterol of the subjects when they were maintained on rations containing vegetable oil. The study thus confirms the current trend and thoughts on the effect of diets high in saturated fat and low in essential fatty acids in increasing serum cholesterol as compared to a diet high in essential fatty acids."
	Effect of water intake on sweat output Author : Mani, K.V.;Kundu, S. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:11(3) ; 1961 ; pp 176-182 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;612 Physiology Keywords : Sweat Abstract : The effect of drinking volumes of water in excess of normal requirement at a given time on sweat output was studied under two conditions of body activity namely marching and standing, and two conditions of exposure namely sun and shade. It was found that (1)drinking large volumes of water causes a significant and appreciable increase in sweat output, of the order of 0.8 gm/kg/hr; and (2) this increase is very nearly the same under all the conditions studied. It is suggested that changes in tonicity of the plasma may be the main cause for this phenomenon. It is also pointed out that this increased sweat output is not a loss to the body.
	Psychrotrophic Hydrolytic Bacteria from Antartica and other low Temperature Habitats Author : Ramana, K.V.;Singh, Lokendra;Saxena, Nalini Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:50(2) ; 2000 ; pp 177-182 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Psychrotrophic hydrolytic bacteria;Amylolytic bacteria;Hydrolysed denatured protein substrate;Monomeric synthetic lipid substrates Abstract : "Samples of water, soil, lake sediments and blue-green algal mats from Antarctica were processed for enumeration, isolation and screening of psychrotrophic hydrolytic bacteria. Amylolytic bacteria were preponderant (75 per cent) in the blue-green algal mat samples. Protease, lipase, amylase and urease producing bacteria were also isolated from the samples. Biochemical characteristics indicated that the isolates mainly comprised Pseudomonas and Bacillus species. Proteases and lipases of antarctic bacteria strains preferably hydrolysed denatured protein substrate and water soluble monomeric synthetic lipid substrates, respectively. "
	Sticky glues for rat control Author : Gupta, D. C. ;Prasad, R. ;Saxena, C. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:54(1) ; 2004 ; pp 65-71 Subject : 57 Biological Sciences ;57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Rat control;Sticky glues;Trap;Linseed oil;Animal hide;Polyurethanes Abstract : A number of polymeric glues based on linseed oil, animal hide and hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)-derived polyurethanes have been synthesised. These glues are sticky in nature and characterised by viscosity, FTIR spectra and adhesive strength. These glues were evaluated for rat control. The HTPB derived polyurethane, poly [HTPB-hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HMDI)] and linseed oil-based glues were found to be effective in controlling the rats. Storage ageing studies of these glues were also carried out. It was found that the exposed layer of linseed oil-based glue dried up after 9 months but still remained effective after removing top layer and the HTPB-HMDI-derived polyurethane is effective for 18 months.
	Multi G.M. tube System for Radioisotope Assay in Biomedical Use Author : Gupta, V.P. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:17(4) ; 1967 ; pp 231-237 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Calibration;Radioisotope Assay Abstract : The construction characteristics and calibration of a system useful certain of radioisotope assay in clinical radioisotopic work has been described. This instrument uses indigenously produced G.M. tubes and other electronics. The system consist of a ring of 8 G.M. counters and has the advantage of accepting solid or liquid samples over a wide range of volumes. Some potential clinical applications as well as the limitations of the system are also described.
	Modulatory Effects of L Tyrosine on Neurobehavioural Consequences of Combat Stress in Rats Author : Satija, Narinder K. ;Vij, Anjana G. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:48(2) ; 1998 ; pp 149-154 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences;612 Physiology Keywords : Post stress performance ;Monoamine oxidase;Saline injected rats;Morris water maze;Catecholaminergic neurotransmitters Abstract : The paper presents the results of a study conducted to elucidate the potentiality of tyrosine, a precursor of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters, against combat stress-associated behavioural changes and brain catecholamine status in an animal model. The results obtained showed that stress impaired the performance on Morris water maze (MWM) in saline-injected rats and concurrently lowered norepinephrine (NE) levels in brain. This could be due to decreased dopamine Beeta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and increased monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. On the contrary, there was a significant improvement in post-stress performance in MWM test in animals receiving tyrosine. Stress-induced increase in catecholamine metabolites, homovanillic acid and vanillylmandelic acid in brain was prevented by treatment with tyrosine. The present findings imply that precursor availability could be a limiting factor to sustain intensified catecholamine synthesis during stress and hence supplementation of L-tyrosine could be beneficial to improve performance during stress.
	Botanicals as Mosquito Larvicides Author : Nath, D. R.;Bhuyan, M.;Goswami, S. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:56(4) ; 2006 ; pp 507-511 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Mosquito larvicide;Plant extract;Larvicidal activity ;Zanthoxylum limonella;Piper nigrum;Calotropis gigantea;Aedes(s) albopictus;Culex quinquefasciatus Abstract : Methanol extracts of 19 indigenous plants were evaluated as mosquito larvicide. Among these, pericarp of Zanthoxylum limonella was found to have the most promising larvicidal properties against Aedes(s) albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus with LC90 values at 0.47 ppm and 0.73 ppm, respectively. The extract of Piper nigrum was also found very effective (LC90) on the larvae of both the species at 6.8 ppm and 8.4 ppm, respectively. The extracts of the remaining plant parts showed LC90 values at above 100 ppm concentration. Extract of Calotropis gigantea was found to be the least effective ( LC90 values at 962.8 ppm and 1091.8 ppm) against the larvae of both the species. However, plant extracts were found more effective against Aedes(s) albopictus larvae than against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.
	Comparative Evaluation of High Protein against Normal Protein Diet in Combination with Carbamates against Organophosphorus Intoxication in Rats Author : Chatterjee, A.K.;Sikder, Nirmala;Sikder, A.K. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:44(1) ; 1994 ; pp 11-14 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate;Methyl isopropyl phosphonofluoridate;Nerve gas toxicity Abstract : The relative efficacy of an isocaloric high (HPD) containing 59 per cent protein, in comparison to a conventional diet containing 21 per cent protein as applied in the alleviation of toxicity of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and methyl isopropyl phosphonofluoridate (sarin), has been reported. In combination with well-known prophylactics like carbamates and cholinolytics like atropine against nerve gas toxicity, HPD appears to be superior to the conventional diet as studied by survival time measurements. Apart from carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine, HPD may be treated as an additional prophylactic agent to guard against the toxicity of DFP and sarin, which are being used as war chemicals.
	Effect of ricin on some biochemical haematological and histopathological variables in mice Author : Om Kumar, K;Sugendran, K.;Pant, S. C.;Vijayaraghavan, R. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:54(4) ; 2004 ; pp 493-502 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : Ricin;Intraperitoneal route;Oral route;Toxicity;Leukocytosis;Median lethal concentration;Uric acid;Piloerection;Mice;Proteineous toxin Abstract : Acute toxicity studies of ricin were carried out in Swiss albino male mice. The median lethal concentration (LD50) values were determined for mice through intraperitoneal and oral routes and were found to be 1.01 mg/kg and 28.29 mg/kg, respectively. The ricin (1.0 LD50) was administered in mice through intraperitoneal route and various toxicity related clinical variables were studied on the 1st, 3rd, and the 7th day of post-exposure. The prominent symptoms before death, were diarrhoea with black sticky vent and piloerection. The body weight decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. No significant change was observed in organ-to-body weight ratio on the 1st, 3rd, and the 7th day of post-exposure except kidney weight. On the 7th day, kidney weight increased significantly. The levels of blood urea, uric acid, and glucose increased, while total protein level decreased. However, activities of transaminase and phosphatases were not altered. Leukocytosis was also observed. The ricin also affected blood coagulation parameters. There was a significant increase in the clotting time. However, prothrombin time, bleeding time, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were not altered. Histopathological studies showed degenerative changes in various visceral organs, viz, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, and testis. Acute toxicity studies of ricin revealed that it is a highly toxic toxin. The ricin intoxication caused alterations in biochemical, haematological variables, and degenerative changes in various visceral organs.
	Effect of Temperature and Maze Learning on Simple Muscular Activity of White Rats Author : Sharma, V.M. ;Deb, A.N. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:15(3) ; 1965 ; pp 213-220 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Proteus ;Superiority;Temperature Abstract : The paper discusses the effects of temperature variation on the simple muscular activity of white rats. Two groups of white rats were selected. Members of one group were trained to run a proteus maze prior to the experiment. Muscular activity of both the groups was compared when subjected to temperature variation. The results show a superiority of trained rats over the others in respect of their muscular activity.
	Effect of Prolonged Exposure to High Altitude on the Skeletal Muscles of Indian Soldiers Author : Bharadwaj, H.;Prasad, Jagdish;Pramanik, S.N.;Kishnani, S.;Zachariah, T;Chaudhary, K.L.;Sridharan, K.;Srivastava, K.K. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:50(2) ; 2000 ; pp 167-176 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;612 Physiology Keywords : Body density;Regression equation Abstract : "The effects of 10-month stay at high altitude (HA) on body composition of Indian soldiers of mix ethnic origins with special reference to body musculature were investigated. Body density was regressed from skinfold thicknesses and girth measurements. Bone mineral was estimated from body width and stature. Muscle X-ray shadow areas at upperarm and forearm and stature were correlated with body mass and a regression equation was constructed. Analysis of data indicated that muscle mass degraded at HA. In soldiers of group I (height: 4100 m), 1.74 kg muscle mass degraded to generate 1.31 kg water. In soldiers of group 2 (height: 3750 m ), 1.38 kg muscle mass was degraded to generate 1.04 kg water. "
	Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Human DNA Author : Sarkar, Soma;Kumari, Babita ;Ali, Sher Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:56(2) ; 2006 ; pp 199-208 Subject : 57 Biological Sciences ;57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation;Allele length variation;DNA typing;Synthetic oligo probes;Variable-repeat loci Abstract : Biological effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on the human genome has been a cause of growing concern owing to its increased application. In the present paper, effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the personnel working near/in radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation environment (radar operators and radio operators) has been evaluated. Monomorphic hybridisation profile was thought to be of particular interest for monitoring subtle changes in the DNA, loss or gain of sequences, or alteration in the enzyme recognition site, if any, and for direct assessment of allele length variation and allele dropout as a consequence of radiofrequency field. Such profiles were obtained using synthetic repeat oligodeoxyribonunucletide probes in conjunction with different restriction enzymes. Of the several enzymes used, BamHI digest uncovered sequence modulation in one of the alleles in the region of 12-13 kb in the exposed personnel with increased frequency compared to the control individuals. This study suggests that some loci in the human DNA may be more prone to mutations arising due to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation.
	Amifostine : An effective prophylactic agent against sulphur mustard toxicity Author : Pathak, Uma ;Raza, S. K.;Vijayraghavan, R. ;Jaiswal, D. K. ;Kumar, P. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:52(4) ; 2002 ; pp 439-444 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences Keywords : Amifostine ;Sulphur mustard ;Prophylactic agent ;Radioprotector ;Toxicity ;Alkylating agent Abstract : Amifostine, S-2-(aminopropylamino) ethylphosphorothioate and two of its analogues have been evaluated as prophylactic agent against SM toxicity. The compounds were administered intraperitoncally (i.p.) at 0.2 LD/sub59 dose in mice 30 min prior to dermal application of SM. The protective efficacy was determined by observing the mortality for 14 days. The protection offered by amifostine was better than its analogues. Subsequent study on time-dependent protection, carried out with amifostine (0.2 LD/sub50, i.p.) provided significant protection when the drug was administered as 30 min pre-treatment and simultaneous treatment against SM at 155 mg.kg/-1 dose (equal to 19-fold LD/sub50). Furthermore, oral administration of amifostine (30 min pre-treatment) showed similar results. These findings suggest that amifostine is a promising prophylactic agent against SM toxicity.
	Complexes of Cu II Ni II and Co II with Sulphadiazines Salicyladiazines Salicyladimines SUDSSA Author : Jain, Prabuddha;Chaturvedi, Kamal K. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:27(2) ; 1977 ; pp 91-92 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences;615 Pharmacology Keywords : Conductometric titration;Job's method;Bacteriostatic agents Abstract : Complexes of sulphasomidine salicyladimine (SUSMSA), sulphamethazine salicylaldimine (SUMTSA) and sulphamerazine salicyladimine (SUMRSA) with Cu(II), NI(II) and Co(II) when studied by conductometric titrations and Job's method of continuous variation showed 2:1 complexation. Their stability constants and free energy changes (- delta F) at 25 degree Celsius are evaluated spectrophotometric studies have been carried out on complexes of sulphadiazine salicylaldimine (SUDSA), SUMRSA and SUMTSA with Ni(II). SUDSSA as well as its metal chelates are found to be bacteriostatic agents against E. Coli and S. aureus.
	Underwater Breathing Apparatus Author : Mathew, Lazar ;Thammaiah, K.;Murthy, G.S.N.;Setty, B.V.S Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:46(3) ; 1996 ; pp 155-160 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;629.5 Marine Sciences;623 Military Science and Engineering Keywords : Life saving equipment ;Oxygen poisoning;Breathing appartus Abstract : An independent closed circuit regenerative type of breathing apparatus has been developed for isolating the respiratory tract from the ambient medium for use during breathing by personnel working in underwater or polluted atmosphere. An oxygen reducer is used in the design of this apparatus for catering to the required flows of oxygen for breathing during use of the apparatus and thus avoiding oxygen poisoning. The paper describes some of the salient aspects of the breathing apparatus to be deployed for submariners and other diving personnel of the Indian Navy and its potential usefulness as a life saving equipment.
	Studies in Sulphonamides Part VIII Author : Mohan, Chandra;Saharia, G.S. ;Sharma, H.R. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:25(2) ; 1975 ; pp 55-58 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;577 Biochemistry;61 Medical Sciences;615 Pharmacology Keywords : Sulphonamides;Antibacterial properties Abstract : 1-Ary1-3-methypropane-1,3-diones, viz.,1-(4/Sup1 chloropheny1),1-4'-bromopheny1)-1-(4'-chloro-3'-methy1-pheny1)-and -bipheny1-3-methy1Propane-1,3-dions have been synthesised and coupled with different dinzotises sulphonamied, bases in presence of sodium acetate to furnish the respective 1-ary1-3- methy1-2(subsituted sulphonamidobe-nzeneazo propane-1,3-diones.All these azo compounds have been tested in vitro for their antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli and majority of these are found active against S. aureus.
	Prophylaxis against Nerve Agent Intoxications Author : Patocka, Jiri ;Jun, Daniel ;Bajgar, Jiri ;Kuca, Kamil Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:56(5) ; 2006 ; pp 775-784 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;623.459 Chemical Weapons Keywords : Cholinesterases;Inhibitors;Organophosphates;Poisoning;Prophylaxis;Pretreatment;Acetylcholinesterase;Nerve agents;Bioscavengers;Gene therapy Abstract : The acute toxicity of organophosphates is usually attributed to their irreversible inhibition of an enzyme acetylcholinesterase that hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The resultant increase in concentration of acetylcholine at the cholinergic synapses of the peripheral and central nervous system, and neuromuscular junction is manifested by over-stimulation of the cholinergic neurotransmission. Current antidotal regimens for organophosphate poisoning consisting of a post-exposure therapy with anticholinergics such as atropine, acetylcholinesterase reactivators (oximes), benzodiazepines have some limitations. Therefore, effective prophylaxis before intoxication is of a special interest. Four fundamental prophylactic methods are: (i) protection of acetylcholinesterase against irreversible inhibition by organophosphates using different reversible inhibitors, (ii) protection against neurotoxic effect of organophosphates using benzodiazepines, memantine, NMDA receptor blockers, (iii) administration of cholinesterase preparations of different sources (sometimes commercially available at present) acting as bioscavengers, and (iv) gene therapy being a new treatment modality under intensive research using enzymes hydrolysing/splitting organophosphates with the aim to eliminate toxic agent before it is transported to the target organs.
	Respiratory Effects of Amifostine and DRDE-07: Probable Prophylactic Agents of Sulphur Mustard in Rats Author : Singh, Seema;Malviya, Vimal;Gautam, Anshoo;Singh, Ram;Pathak, Uma;Raza, S. K.;Vijayaraghavan, R. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:56(4) ; 2006 ; pp 531-541 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;623.459 Chemical Weapons Keywords : Amifostine;DRDE-07;Toxicity;Respiratory frequency;Tidal volume;Prophylactic agents;Sulphur mustard antidote;Cytoprotective drug;Sulphur mustard Abstract : Amifostine (S-2[3-aminopropylamino]ethyl phosphorothioate) and one of its analogues, DRDE-07 (S-2[2-aminoethylamino]ethyl phenyl sulphide) are promising prophylactic agents for sulphur mustard (SM; a blistering agent) toxicity. When given orally, DRDE-07 was more effective than amifostine as a prophylactic agent against SM administered percutaneously. Various pharmacological and toxicological studies are required before the introduction of a chemical as a drug. The respiratory effects of amifostine and DRDE-07 were carried out in rats using a body plethysmograph fitted with a volumetric pressure transducer for sensing the respiratory flow signals. The signals were amplified, digitised, and stored on a personal computer for further analysis. After taking control recordings of respiratory signals, different doses (0.5 LD50, 1.0 LD50 and 2.0 LD50) of amifostine and DRDE-07 were administered orally (LD50 amifostine = 2262 mg/ kg; DRDE-07 = 1599 mg/kg), and the respiratory changes were monitored for 4 h. Amifostine and DRDE-07 showed a uniform breathing pattern even in 2.0 LD50 dose. However, a significant dosedependent decrease in respiratory frequency was observed following amifostine administration. DRDE-07 did not show any significant change. The tidal volume was not altered significantly both in amifostine and DRDE-07 administered animals. The study shows that DRDE-07, even in lethal doses, may not affect the respiration immediately, whereas, amifostine may decrease the respiratory frequency.
	A review of research on microseisms Author : Nanda, J.N. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:4(1) ; 1954 ; pp 19-26 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Microseisms ;Seismograms Abstract : This paper reviews the various problems of research on microseisms, and also the method of obtaining seismograms. Direction finding techniques are outlined, and possible origins of microseisms are suggested. The surf and wind theory of microseisms are compared. Mention is also made of some recent theories of microseisms. The paper shows how the subject of microseisms is closely connected with that of swell and storm prediction, a problem of interest to Defence Scientists and Meteorologists.
	Ultrasonic Hyperthermia for Cancer Treatment Author : Singh, V.R.;Shriwastava, Mahesh Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:43(3) ; 1993 ; pp 235-241 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : Ultrasonic focusing techniques;Hyperthermia;Ultrasonic hyperthermia Abstract : In this paper, design of transducers, ultrasonic focusing techniques and temperature monitoring for hyperthermia are described. Efforts being made at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, on the development of an indigeneous ultrasonic hyperthermia and non-invasive temperature monitoring systems are discussed.
	The Effect of External Loads and Cyclic Loading on Normal Patellofemoral Joint Signals Author : Ladly, K.O.;Frank, C.B.;Bell, G.D.;Zhang, Y.T.;Rangayyan, R.M. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:43(3) ; 1993 ; pp 201-210 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : Vibroarthrography;Chondromalacia patella Abstract : Pain over the anterior portion of the knee joint is a common clinical complaint. A condition known as 'chondromalacia patella' (softening of the cartilage under the patella), which frequently causes anterior knee pain is difficult to diagnose and monitor. Vibrations detected by a contact transducer over the patellofemoral joint may be useful in the assessment of chondromalacia patella. This paper utilised this technique known as vibroarthrography (VAG), to study two potential sources of variability of the normal patellofemoral joint signal. The effect of increased muscular force on the VAG signal was measured by externally loading the joint. The effect of load history (cyclic loading) on the VAG signal was determined by comparing signals before, during, and after application of weights under similar cyclic loading conditions. Results indicated that external loading of the patellofemoral joint caused only minor signal variation. Cyclical loading of the joint, on the other hand, was determined to be a major source of variability of the normal patellofemoral joint signal, which must be controlled in future VAG tests.
	Studies in Sulphonamides Part X Author : Kabra, Ajaya;Saharia, G.S.;Sharma, H.R. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:25(4) ; 1975 ; pp 145-148 Subject : 579 MicroBiology;57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences;615 Pharmacology Keywords : Sulphonamides Abstract : The present paper describes the synthesis of four differently substituted dibenzoylmethanes, viz., 1(m-nitropheny1)-3-(p-chloropheny1)-, 1-(m-notropheny1)-3-(p-bromopheny1)-, 1,3-di(p-methoxypheny1) and 1-(p-ethoxypheny1)-3-pheny1 propane-1,3-diones and study of their coupling reactions with different diazotised sulphonamide bases. The resulting 2-sulphonamidobenzeneazo derivatives were subjected to biological assay in vitro against S. aureus and E. coli and some of these found to posses considerable activity.
	Biochemical Aspects of Acclimatization of Man to High Altitude Stress Author : Srivastava, K.K. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:25(3) ; 1975 ; pp 121-126 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;577 Biochemistry;61 Medical Sciences;612 Physiology Keywords : Metabolism;Skeletal Muscles Abstract : The paper reviews the biochemical aspects of acclimatization of human body to high altitude with particular reference to the adaptive changes in Skeletal muscles, hepatic function, adrenal function and carbohydrate metabolism.
	Microbial degradation of Organic Wastes at Low Temperatures Author : Ramana, K.V.;Singh, Lokendra Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:50(4) ; 2000 ; pp 371-382 Subject : 579 MicroBiology;57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Organic wastes;Organic waste disposal method;Aerobic waste treatment method;Artificial heating;Non conventional energy sources;Polymeric materials;Digester insulation;Anaerobic digesters Abstract : Microbial degradation of organic wastes mainly comprising animal and human wastes, is drastically reduced at extreme low temperatures. For the biodegradation of these wastes, technological inputs are required from disciplines like microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, digester modelling and heat transfer at extreme low temperature climates. Various steps in the process of biodegradation have to be studied to formulate an effective organic waste disposal method. Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes is preferred over aerobic waste treatment method, since it yields biogas as a by-product, which in turn can be utilised for heating the digester contents to increase its efficiency. Furthermore, one of the possibilities that can be explored is the utilisation of high rate anaerobic digesters which maintain temperature by means of artificial heating. It is either met by non-conventional energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, or by expending liquid fuels. In addition, insulation of the digester with polymeric materials and immobilisation of slow growing bacterial population may enhance the digester performance to a great extent. In spite of several developments, inoculum adaptation is considered to be one of the essential steps for low temperature anaerobic digestion to obtain methane as a by-product. With advancements in recombinant DNA technology, it may be possible to increase the efficiency of various microbial population that take part in the anaerobic digestion. However, till date, the options available for low temperature biodegradation are digester insulation, inoculum adaptation, and use of high rate/second-generation digesters.
	Performance Decrement by Exposure to Sub Lethal Doses of Ionising Radiations Author : Mukherjee, S.K. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:50(1) ; 2000 ; pp 63-74 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : Ionising radiations;Radioprotectors Abstract : "Under many circumstances, exposure to ionising radiation can impede performance significantly. After large doses, lethal or supra-lethal, behavioural effects are rapid (within minutes), but up to 10Gy, performance deficits develop rather slowly and are long-lasting. All tasks are not equally radiosensitive; tasks with complex and demanding requirements may be disrupted even at low radiation doses (<1 Gy). Combined injuries can act synergistically with radiation exposure to greatly increase behavioural deficits. Most of the protectors developed todate are themselves behaviourally toxic at radioprotective as well as non-protective doses and the adverse effects are further aggravated in the presence of radiation. A very limited number of radioprotectors have been found to give behavioural protection at very low, almost non-toxic doses. "
	Adipose Tissue Metabolism During Hypobaria Author : Chattopadhyay, D.P. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:24(4) ; 1974 ; pp 155-162 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : Hypobaric conditions;Hypoxic stress;Adipose tissue Abstract : Possible factors affecting the metabolism of adipose tissue under hypobaric conditions have been reviewed. The hormonal changes brought into play under hypoxic stress generally stress generally increase the adipose tissue lipolysis.
	Preparation of Oxime HI-6 (Dichloride and Dimethanesulphonate) Antidote against Nerve Agents Author : Kuca, Kamil;Stodulka, Petr;Hrabinova, Martina Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:58(3) ; 2008 ; pp 399-404 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences Keywords : HI-6;Acetylcholinesterase;Nerve agent;Quaternary salts;Oxime;Reactivator;Antidote;Organophosphate Abstract : Because of the threat of misuse of nerve agents as terroristic weapons by the terrorists, an immediate need is felt for the preparation of antidotes on large-scale basis. HI-6 (dichloride and dimethanesulphonate) salt are the most promising acetylcholinesterase reactivators used as causal antidotes in nerve agents intoxication. In this study, rapid and large-scale preparation of oxime HI-6, the most promising reactivator has been described.
	Biological Warfare Agents Author : Kamboj, Dev Vrat ;Goel, Ajay Kumar;Singh, Lokendra Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:56(4) ; 2006 ; pp 495-506 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;623.459 Chemical Weapons Keywords : Biological warfare agents;Biological warfare;Weapons of mass destruction;BTWC;Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention;Biodefence;Bacterial agents;Viral agents;Toxins Abstract : There is a long historic record of use of biological warfare (BW) agents by warring countries against their enemies. However, the frequency of their use has increased since the beginning of the twentieth century. World war I witnessed the use of anthrax agent against human beings and animals by Germans, followed by large-scale field trials by Japanese against war prisoners and Chinese population during world war II. Ironically, research and development in biological warfare agents increased tremendously after the Geneva Protocol, signed in 1925, because of its drawbacks which were overcome by Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) in 1972. Biological warfare programme took back seat after the 1972 convention but biological agents regained their importance after the bioterrorist attacks of anthrax powder in 2001. In the light of these attacks, many of which turned out to be hoax, general awareness is required about biological warfare agents that can be used against them. This review has been written highlighting important biological warfare agents, diseases caused by them, possible therapies and other protection measures.
	ANAMICA: A Medical Data Visualisation and Characterisation Author : Sundar, R.;Venkataramanan, N.;Srinivasan, N. ;Ramesh, N.;Athithan, G. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:43(3) ; 1993 ; pp 243-252 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Computer tomography;Magnetic risonance imaging;Image processing;Histograms Abstract : This paper reports the design and implementation of ANAMICA, a three-dimensional (3-D) medical data visualisation and characterisation system which provides a complete set of image processing options. Constructions of internal surfaces from total or partial volume of 3-D data and cut-out views are supported by means of 'volume rendering' as well as object space methods. Arbitrary planar and curved sections of 3-D data can be obtained and processed subsequently as standard 2-D images. Volumetrics and a preliminary characterisation of tissues based on histograms are also supported. A window based user-interface provides convenient access to all these options.
	Rapid detection of ricin by sensitising carboxylated latex particles by ricin antibodies Author : Kumar, Om;Rai, G.P.;Parida, M.M;Vijayaraghavan, R. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:54(1) ; 2004 ; pp 57-63 Subject : 57 Biological Sciences ;57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Ricin;Sensitised latex particles;Immunisation protocol;Immunogenic glycoprotein;Latex agglutination test Abstract : Ricin is a highly toxic glycoprotein of Ricinus communis seeds, The toxin was purified and antisera was raised against ricin in rabbit. Polyclonal antibodies were covalently coupled through a water soluble carbodiimide to carboxylated latex particles in various concentrations (800 fig to 3200 (ig protein/0.5 ml). Maximum antibodies binding was obtained at 2400 Jig to 3200 jig protein/0.5 ml of 2 per cent (wt/vol) latex particles with a sensitivity of 200 Jig toxin per test (9 fig/ml). The sensitivity of latex agglutination test increased as amount of protein bound to the latex particles increased. The optimum sensitivity of test was recorded when latex particles were sensitised with 2800 ng protein/0.5 ml of latex particles. The reagents were stable for one year without loss of its sensitivity. Developed latex agglutination test is rapid, sensitive, and also does not require trained personnel and costly equipment.
	Bio repellents for land leeches Author : Nath, D.R. ;Das, N.G. ;Das, S.C. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:52(1) ; 2002 ; pp 73-76 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences Keywords : Synthetic repellent ;Repellant ;Land leeches ;Timur oil Abstract : Oils of Callistemon rigidus (bottle brush), Zanthoxylum armatum, DC. syn. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb (timur), Azadirachta indica (neem) and synthetic repellent N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were evaluated for leech repellency properties and persistance on cloth. In statistical analysis, bio-repellents were found at par with DMP. Bottle brush oil afforded better protection against land leeches than timur oil, neem oil and synthetic repellent DMP at all the three concentrations evaluated. However, DEET was found superior to all the repellents evaluated and remained effective for 19.8 days at 0.93 mg/cm2 followed by 7 days and 6.3 days at 0.56 mg/cm2 and 0.37 mg/cm2 treatment, respectively, while bottle brush oil was found effective for 13 days at 0.93 mg/cm
	Soldier at High Altitude: Problems and Preventive Measures Author : Purkayastha, S.S.;Selvamurthy, W. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:50(2) ; 2000 ; pp 183-198 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;612 Physiology;61 Medical Sciences Keywords : High altitude;Pulmonary oedema;Hypoxia Abstract : "Due to military and strategic reasons, a large body of troops is being regularly deployed in the snowbound areas throughout Himalayan regions to guard the frontiers. The mountain environment at high altitude (HA) consists of several factors alien to plain dwellers, which evoke a series of physiological responses in human system. Some of the sea level residents on induction to HA suffer from several untoward symptoms of HA ailments varying from mild-to-severe degrees. Sudden exposure is detrimental to physical and mental performance of the low landers and in certain cases, may even lead to dreaded condition like high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPO). These may make a man disturbed physically and mentally. So, there is a need to prevent such hazards which is possible if the individual is aware of the problems and preventive measures of HA ailments in advance, before going to HA for a safe and happy living there. Hence, a noble effort has been made to provide guidelines to create awareness about physical and physiological problems of life at HA and the methods of protection against its ill-effects for the soldiers, mountaineers and soldiers journers conducting scientific trials at HA. In this review, an attempt has been made to describe vital aspects of HA in a popular way, starting with its concept and various environmental factors which exert considerable effects on human body functions, health and performance on exposure to such environment, on the basis of a series of studies conducted at It the Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied sciences, Delhi, over the years. The most important featurel of HA (3,000 m and above) is hypoxia or deficiency of oxygen in the body. Other environmental factors are: severe cold, high velocity wind, low relative humidity, high solar radiation, increased ultraviolet radiation and difficult terrain. These factors are responsible for various HA and cold syndromes, viz., acute mountain sickness, HAPO, dehydration, sunburn, snow-blindness, CO-poisoning, hypothermia and cold injury of the extremities. "
	Dynamic adsorptive removal of toxic chemicals for purification of water Author : Saxena, Amit;Singh, Beer;Prasad, G. K.;Pandey, D Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:55(2) ; 2005 ; pp 117-123 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences Keywords : Water purification;Carbon treated water;Active carbon;Carbon column;Water contamination;Potable water;Adsorption;Biological contaminants;Chemical contaminants Abstract : To determine the efficiency of carbon column for the removal of toxic chemicals from water, the adsorption of phenol in concentration range from 0.600 g/l to 1.475 g/l was studied on active carbon of 80 CTC grade, 12 30 BSS particle size, 1280 m2 /g surface area, and of coconut shell origin, under dynamic conditions at space velocity from 0.318 min-1 to 4.24 min-1 at 25 °C. The carbon column of 100 cm length and 2 cm diameter was found to be removing phenol from the aqueous solution of concentration 1.475 g/l up to 84 min at 0.678 min-1 space velocity at 5.0 ppm phenol breakthrough concentration. However, no phenol was observed in carbon-treated water after 80 min. The service life of carbon column (100 cm length25 cm diameter) was assessed through the water purification system developed at the Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur and was determined to be 4.095 days with two as factor of safety for 10 ppm initial concentration of phenol at 0.678 min-1 space velocity (corresponding to water flow rate). Effects of carbon bed length, water flow rate, and the phenol concentration were also studied.
	Prevention of AIDS and sexually transmitted infections Author : Talwar, G.P. Source : Defence Science Journal ; Vol:51(4) ; 2001 ; pp 409-414 Subject : 57.089 Biomedical Sciences ;57 Biological Sciences Keywords : AIDS;Sexually transmitted infections;Polyherbal formulations;Reproductive tract infections;Spermicides;Microbicides Abstract : Abnormal vaginal discharge due to reproductive tract infections (RTIs) is widely prevalent in the country. According to WHO, over 300 million new cases of sexually-transmitted infections (excluding HIV) occur each year. In addition to these, HIV infection is spreading rapidly in the country with over 3.7 million sero-positive cases (from zero) within 15 years.. The predominant mode of transmission of HIV is by heterosexual route. The multidrug regime for treatment is expensive (about $10,000 per year) which is beyond the reach of most of the people. No viable vaccine preventing AIDS infection is in sight. Under these circumstances, safe sex is the best recourse, which demands consistent and proper use of condoms. This does not take place to the extent necessary for preventing the transmission of HIV and other sexually-transmitted infections. A polyherbal tablet for intravaginal use by women has been developed and a polyherbal cream, for use by both men and women, which has a wide spectrum antimicrobial action. Amongst others, these inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhea (including strains resistant to penicillin). normal and multidrug-resistant isolates of urinary tract E. coli, Candida albicans. Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. Applied intravaginally, these prevent the transmission of Herpes simplex 2 and Chlamydia Irachomatis in progestin-sensitised mice. Studies conducted at the Institut Pasteur. Paris and Conrad Norfolk, USA, have demonstrated high virucidal action of these formulations against HIV . Both formulations have undergone phase I clinical trials in five major centres in India and abroad, which have indicated the complete safety of these products without any local or systemic side effects. The Drug Controller of India and the Institutional Ethics Committees have approved phase II clinical trials. The first of these trials was conducted in 88 women with abnormal vaginal discharge due to genital pathogens at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research. Chandigarh. Every woman. who used the praneem polyherbals, once every night for seven days, experienced relief clinically. irrespective of the nature of the causative pathogen.